A review of publications on the theory of long waves by Kondratieff–Schumpeter has shown that one of the imperfect elements of this theory in the case of modeling on their basis of GDP dynamics is the correlation of the dynamics of these waves with the dynamics of the observed values of GDP. The point is that the mathematical models currently used to describe periodic fluctuations in economic activity under this theory have a horizontal trend, and when moving to describe the growing (or declining) dynamics of GDP, it is necessary to include an exogenous trend that is not related to this theory in any way. This situation violates its integrity and often serves as one of the arguments against the adequacy of this theory to real economic processes. This article proposes a model of GDP dynamics based on the superposition of long Kondratieff waves and does not require the inclusion of exogenous trend. In this model, in addition to the generally accepted parameters of long waves, namely, the beginning and length of the wave period, two new parameters arise: the magnitude of its amplitude and the rate of change of this amplitude. These parameters allow you to configure the GDP model to describe the dynamics of the GDP of different countries, taking into account their real differences in the size of GDP. The problems of verification of the parameters of the proposed model arising in connection with the multi-extremality of the function describing this model are considered. Verification of the parameters of this model on specific data is carried out on the values of US GDP for the period from 1790 to 2018. The results of testing the model showed that the superposition of long Kondratieff–Schumpeter waves well describe the dynamics of US GDP over the entire period, and the model parameters are quite consistent with their generally recognized values.

The purpose of the article is to develop a model of digital transformation of an enterprise in the context of systemic economic theory. The relevance of the goal is determined by the large-scale transition of the world economy to digital functioning formats. Preliminary modeling of digital transformation will allow the enterprise to calculate the economic effect of its implementation, to identify changes in relations with its partners and competitors, the impact of these changes on the dynamics of the market value of resources and finished products. The objective of the article is to formulate a model that describes not only the digital transformation project itself, but also its relationship with the external environment of the enterprise, the processes of supply and sale of finished products. The article forms the hypothesis that the systemic economic theory allows you to create a model of digital transformation of the enterprise. This model has the following scientific novelty. 1. It substantiates the possibility and adequacy of the description of the relationships between the components of an economic tetrad (a complex of object, design, process and environmental systems) through a change in financial flows and indicators during the digital transformation of an enterprise. 2. The proposed model allows us to describe the impact of the digital transformation of the enterprise not only on its activities, but also on changes in the market environment of this enterprise, taking into account the changes in supply and demand for resources needed for the functioning of the transformed enterprise, as well as for the products it sells, resulting from the digital transformation of the enterprise. 3. Taking into account changes in the market environment surrounding the transformed enterprise allows integrating the mechanism of market competition into the economic tetrad. 4. The model of digital transformation of the enterprise allows you to explore the interactions of financial and economic processes that enhance and transmit the resulting effects of digital transformation along the vertical and horizontal of network space of economic tetrads. The proposed simulation will simplify the transition to digital transformation and the use of scenario analysis; increase the predictability of the results of digital transformation, reducing the risk of its negative consequences.

The semiotic approach is still unreasonably rarely used in research in the field of Economics; more precisely, even the actual inclusion of its or its elements in the development of materials of any research is still not accompanied by awareness of this and an indication of their semiotic nature. The article analyzes the results of our long-term experience of semiotic analysis and control of dozens of heterogeneous (mainly conducted with our active participation) socio-economic and other studies. The analysis begins with a theoretical consideration of the process of achieving not only the reliability, but also the truth of the results of research (on the basis of philosophical theories of truth). The semiotic control of the correctness of the epistemological, socio-economic and mathematical propositions used is illustrated by the material of various studies. They were analyzed and implemented using the proposed semiotic methodology to ensure the reliability of indicators. It has no analogues known to us so far and includes a general semiotic methodology and its important variant – a comparative methodology for determining the indicators of state statistics. This allowed us to solve some problems of general economic nature (starting with the most important language the correctness of the use of formally rigorous mathematical apparatus in research in the natural), and a number of serious problems to determine the practical effectiveness (or inefficiency) of the parameters of social policy.

This article informs about the results of a model experiment conducted at the inter-industry level. The experiment was intended to quantify the growth of gross domestic product resulted from the possible implementation of the Government's financial support program for the poorest people. The possible increase in the inflation rate was taken into account and assessed. The experiment on the model was constructed on the basis of reporting inter-industry balances of 2003, 2014 and 2015, including the division of used products into imported and domestic. The simulated process implied such forms of financial support for poor citizens, which initially lead to an increase in demand mainly (or even exclusively) for domestic products. And then, as the increased demand increases the volume of domestic production and, accordingly, increases the incomes of all segments of the population, the demand for imported products also begins to increase. At the same time as consumption is increasing, there is also an increase in investment due to the increase in corporate revenues and the persistence of all established inter-industry links and basic national economic proportions. Model calculations that reproduce the described process were conducted in several scenarios, involving variations in both the structure of sponsored consumption and the reaction of consumers and producers to the appearance of additional income. The most realistic and preferable (from the economic point of view) variants were considered. The main result of the work done can be considered the following results. First, the experiments found that the greatest economic impact occurs, when financing the additional demand stimulates the growth of domestic production, primarily in the consumer goods (light) and food industries. The most important outcome is that: it is possible to use such methods of stimulating consumer demand. And most importantly, it is possible to use such methods of stimulating consumer demand, in which the emerging growth of gross domestic product significantly exceeds the costs incurred by the state.

One of the most common models of national innovation systems as of today is the triple helix model. Four- and five-tier constructions also exist and present an option for adapting the triple helix model to the economic conditions of different countries. In this paper, we are based on the system economic theory and propose to consider the national innovation system (NIS) of Russia as a complex of four socio-economic macro-subsystems: science, government, education, and business. In this case, science acts as a system of the object type: the government – as the environment type, education – as the process type, and business – as the project type. The interaction order and role functions of these subsystems are determined. A quantitative evaluation of the quadruple helix subsystem parity was carried out; namely, the system balance indices of the NIS of Russia for 2015–2019 were calculated. The world countries’ data used to calculate the global innovation index according to the methodology of the WIPO constitute the statistical basis for the calculation. The place of the NIS of Russia among the national innovation systems of other countries for 2019, according to two parameters: the NIS subsystems balance and the effectiveness of NIS activities, was determined. For comparison, 16 countries, divided into four groups, were selected: innovative leaders, catching-up countries, lagging countries, and outsiders. It is established that Russia belongs to the countries of the second group. It is shown that to harmonize the NIS of Russia, to increase its efficiency and move Russia to the group of leaders, it is necessary to revise the economic policy and add to it, along with increasing the efficiency of innovative activity, another goal such as improving the balance of the quadruple helix subsystems.

The number of natural disasters which negatively influence the economy has increased in recent years. The solution of the problems linked to the climatic factors for a long time had been put to international level and different regulators implement numerous initiatives, work out international standards, etc. Changes in the production which affect all countries and all spheres of economy require large scale financing which has significant risks. That’s why 36 central banks and supervisors acknowledged climate-related risks are a source of financial risks and which falls within the mandates of central banks and supervisors to ensure the financial system is resilient to these risks. The article revises the international initiatives in which central banks and supervisors participate for better interaction of financial sphere and green economic. The challenges evolve are analyzed. Adequate estimation of financial risks is hampered by many difficulties (shortage of comparable information, lack of financial instruments, etc.). The financial aspects of green economic in Russia are analyzed. Russian regulators are inactive in international initiatives that form regulatory approaches with allowances of climate factor. The investment in green economic is insignificant. Taking ecologic factor in processing is necessary to enhance competitiveness. It is made the conclusion about the importance of taking more active role of Russian regulators in international initiatives at the starting stage when the functioning of green economic and green finance is shaping. It’s obvious that such participation should promote the interests of Russia that will lay basis of its important role in this growing sphere for many years to come.

The commercial real estate market is a specific and rapidly changing subject for research. Commercial real estate market is connected with the real sector of the economy through consumer demand, and it is connected with the financial market through alternative investment returns. Therefore, this market is actively studied by the Russian and foreign researchers. The most poorly studied issue in this market is its demand side. But the analysis of demand is difficult due to the fact that the buying cycle in the market is very long, and potential buyers are not registered anywhere until the transaction is completed. But the execution of the transaction is not a reflection of demand, as it is the result of negotiations between the seller and the buyer, which may not succeed, as the potential buyer can choose an alternative way of owning property (rent, sublease, co-working) or generating income (bonds, stocks, shares). In this paper, we analyze the demand for commercial real estate in the Moscow region, compare supply and demand in this market, and present a study of the demand for retail, office and industrial-warehouse real estate. We propose a model for pricing commercial real estate. We found a significant discrepancy between supply and demand in the market according in line with their structure, inequality of demand for retail, office and industrial-warehouse premises, the dependence of the price per square meter of real estate to its area (in square footage) and location. The results obtained are consistent with Russian and foreign studies on the analysis of the commercial real estate market. The results of the study may be useful to such players in the commercial real estate market as developers, investors, buyers.

Solid state expenses directed to national projects and state target programs demand adequate instruments of planning, accounting and controlling budget resources. Their aim is to increase guarantees of reaching the expected results. Unfortunately, national statistical authorities had refused from total statistical accounting of economic activities, and because of that, they aren’t able to find the correct decisions of the formulated tasks. It is necessary to make some additional efforts in this problem field, which may – on the one side – lead every project or program to visible application, and on the other hand they should provide productivity of using the state resources. Using the example of target program named «Digital economy in Russian Federation» we offer the original methodological approach to solving this problem. It is based on well-known methods of net planning and management. Transformation of text data of a project or a program to net model is rather simple. As well as simple is the further feeding this model with the information about resources, terms, executors, control points and project’s artifacts (these are real demonstrations of this project’s results). This simplicity provides solid base for the right monitoring job process and just-in-time creating regulated managerial acts. Accumulating these functions in total monitoring center would allow creating general methodology of managing the national projects. It also allows to provide just-in-time delivery of actual information to controlling and inspecting authorities. This information is provided with current and perspective development of the projects.

This work confirmed the hypotheses about the influence of the mood index on Twitter on the pricing of art objects and the difference between the experts' estimations and the final price of the auction. The hypotheses were tested with the use of a sample of 83 paintings selected on the basis of ratings of ARTNET's online resource about the most expensive works of art ever sold in the last 10–15 years. The sample consisted of 25 artists, for each of them was made an index of moods on Twitter. This index was created by a sentimental analysis of each tweet about the artist on the hashtag for a period of 2 to 4 months between the announcements of sales in the open sources and the direct sale of the work with the use of the two dictionaries AFINN and NRC.

For centuries, Russia is lagging behind the countries called “the West”. The choice of Switzerland as a benchmark for comparison is justified. In 2016 GDP per capita in the new nations within the borders of the former USSR was 10 points less than in 1886. The Soviet era gains in bringing living standards closer to the West were lost. The close relationship with seven ratings of countries describing different aspects of the standard of living is shown. The main question that the author seeks to answer: “Why has Switzerland, which is poor in natural resources, been significantly ahead of Russia, which is rich in them, in terms of living standards for centuries?” The fundamental difference in the relationship of the government to citizens is the answer to this question. In Russia, for centuries, the system “Ruler – loyal subjects”, and in Switzerland – “citizen – civil servants”. In Russia, the ruler determines what to do, and the loyal subjects follow his instructions. In Switzerland, in a referendum the citizens determine what to do and they do it under the rules written by the civil servants. Higher motivation of people in the free enterprise system determines their higher productivity, and through it, a higher standard of living. In Russia, power is formed by a representative democracy and in Switzerland by a direct one, which is much closer to the age-old aspirations of the people for the will.

The article provides a critical comparison of two opposing views on the socio-economic development of Russia: radical liberal and socio-state ideology. The reason for the comparison was the report of Professor V. V. Kossov at a meeting (December 6, 2019) of the International Organizational Sciences Academy (IOSN) (“Barriers to Russia’s Economic Growth”), which stated that the main barrier to economic growth in Russia was government interference in economic activity and insufficient respect for private property in the population. The article shows on statistical data that, firstly, GDP growth should not be considered the main indicator of a country’s success, and secondly, it is the weakness of the state that actually hinders socio-economic development. It is shown that such problems as the elimination of poverty and inequality cannot be solved without the active participation of the state. The main thing is not economic growth and direct democracy, but the satisfaction of the interests of all social groups and the achievement of social justice. This position is supported by an appeal to the research results of many Western economists. Criticizing the liberal position, the authors of the article remain supporters of the free development of the individual and the society of equal opportunities.

The significance of the concept of noonomy developed in the works of Professor S. D. Bodrunov, including his monograph “Noonomy”, is wider than just a hypothesis that paints a picture of promising shifts in the socio-economic structure of society. Since this concept is based on the study of a number of real trends in the development of material production and human knowledge – both technological and socio-economic, to the extent it creates theoretical and methodological prerequisites for the study of the further evolution of human civilization.
Highlighting the patterns of this evolution is the growth of knowledge intensity of production, increase of knowledge capacity of product, the trend to the predominance of the weight of knowledge on material costs in the cost structure of production, the displacement of people from the immediate process of production – the concept of noonomy allows you to see a number of intermediate steps leading, ultimately, to the formation of a non-economic society and non-economic way of productive activity. One of these steps is the formation of a new industrial society of the second generation (NIO.2).
Those deep technological shifts that lead to the formation of NIO.2, carry with them not only new opportunities for human development and meeting its needs, but also the growing risks of technogenic pressure on nature, and reckless interference in the nature of man himself. Economic rationality turns into inflating simulative needs in the pursuit of sales expansion and profit, leading to an increasing absorption of resources. There is a movement to the civilizational crisis, to the point of bifurcation, beyond which the resolution of these problems should be achieved by changing the criteria base of economic activity by moving away from economic rationality, and a corresponding change in the social structure.
The identification of these distant strategic development prospects in S. D. Bodrunov's works allows us to take an appropriate look at the immediate pragmatic goals. In particular, the solution of the problem of reindustrialization of Russia appears, from this point of view, not only as a tactical necessity, but also as a necessary prerequisite for entering the strategic highway of development.