System-based economic theory is a natural platform for the duality concept application in modeling and studying of economic systems. Aside from revealing the nature of economic events and showing regular connections between them, the analysis of duality also allows to develop methods to efficiently manage economic processes. This paper reexamines modeling methods of economic system performance. New approach uses double description method, via dual tetrads, one illustrative of intrasystem processes and the other exhibiting external interactions of the system. It is suggested that interactions between business and market are representable as production and implementation cycles. During the former, the initial batch of raw and producing materials are sequenced through object, environment, process and project subsystems of the enterprise. Then finished product enters implementation cycle and passes through object, environment, process and project subsystems of the enterprise’s external environment. Within this cycle the object subsystem represent the enterprise as a manufacturer; environment subsystem represents market environment for sales; process subsystem represents sales process; project subsystem represents delivery of products to the customer and transfer of revenue to the manufacturer. Production flow therefore loops through the stages of these cycles as a going concern, ensuring continuous operation of the enterprise conditioned upon coordination with market. The dual tetrad model allows to determine the roles of administration (with internal content being a controlled object) and marketing (where external environment is a controlled object) in the structure of enterprise management. This paper also analyses general patterns for identification of duality phenomena in system-based economic theory and mathematical economic models of business administration.

This article is an expanded report presented at the plenary session of the XX “Corporate Planning and business Development” Anniversary Symposium (April 9–10, 2019, Moscow).

The article examines the possibilities of coordinating action among members in a collective with the aim of maximizing individual gains. Projected aggregate income is assumed to increase as the effort invested by each individual member of the collective increases, subject to the law of decreasing returns. Mathematical analysis is performed using two income functions: one non-specific, used for finding the overall solution, and the other – a specifically formulated, manifest mathematical relationship serving to calculate the results of collective action. It is shown that in order to avoid a balanced (equilibrium) yet inefficient outcome, coordination of respective effort is necessary. Coordination based on mutual trust among all members is capable of attaining optimal outcomes for the collective. Deficit of trust, characteristic of numerous collectives, alongside their members’ desire to maximize individual gains, creates demand for the formation of smaller groups of individuals united by mutual trust. Within each group of this kind, members coordinate their actions, aiming to maximize gains as a group. As a result, members of the group increase their effort above equilibrium levels, thus increasing individual gains for all members of the larger collective. The same effect is produced by an increase in the number of members in any group, as well as formation of new groups out of previously unaffiliated members of the larger collective. In view of decreasing returns and lack of information where value is created collectively, transformation of a uniform collective into a more intricately structured system partially compensates for the lack of social capital, opening the road to increasing the efficiency of collective action.

In modern biological science, there is a change in the paradigm of evolutionary research associated with the rejection of neo-Darwinism principles. The article discusses the prospect of using the conceptual ideas of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) as the new dominant metaphors of institutional-evolutionary analysis. For example, metaphors of niche construction and developmental system stimulate the rejection of externalism (securing the key role in selection for the environment) and dichotomous thinking (opposition of actors and the environment, micro- and macro-analysis). The concept of institutional configurations developed in this vein makes it possible to analytically combine institutional, agential and environmental factors in their interaction into a unified framework. The metaphor of bricolage actualizes the importance of abandoning the optimization concepts of evolution and one-sidedly negative interpretation of institutional anomalies (dysfunctions, failures, traps, etc.) in favor of studying institutional kludges as quasi-optimal persistent institutions created by non-professional actors, and positively rethinking anomalous institutions as a main output of institutional complexity. The metaphor of modularity is associated with the abandonment of thinking in the spirit of traditional totally integrated systems and the transition to the research of assemblages – super-complex institutional systems based on multiple logics and orders for which heterogeneity, fragmentation and hybridity are organic properties and evolutionary advantages.

The article is devoted to the characteristics of political uncertainty and its influence on stock market. Intensification of political factors' pressure on financial market defined the necessity to set up an indicator that will assess the political uncertainty. For this purpose factors specifying the political uncertainty were found out on the basis of existing approaches – governor's personality, parliamentary elections, civil servants' change frequency, president's election, revolutions and political regime are among the factors.

There are several indicators developed on the basis of the defined factors that give an assessment of the political uncertainty level. One of the most popular – Index of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU index) – is constructed in terms of text analysis method using the estimation of media coverage. This index became the background of developing the author's index of political uncertainty for Russian companies, which differs by analysis of a wider empirical basis and applying an extended dictionary of economic terms. In order to deepen research two indexes directed to Russia Sanctions analysis were also constructed. The high level of the developed political uncertainty index accuracy for Russia was proved during its testing on the empirical basis for period from 2013 to 2018 in comparison with EPU index. An inverse relation between the level of political uncertainty and stock index was also determined using econometric methods. Therefore, a negative influence of political uncertainty on Russian stock market was proved.

In recent years, the growth rate of the national economy does not meet the challenges of social and economic development of the country. An economic breakthrough is needed, accompanied by the achievement of economic growth rates that are faster than those of the world. However, it is important to maintain macroeconomic and price stability. One of the factors that can ensure the achievement of this goal is credit, the value of which, in our opinion, is currently unfairly underestimated. The publications of Russian and foreign economists confirm that credit is a factor contributing to economic growth. At the same time, the loan may be associated with the formation of inflation risks. The purpose of the article is to determine the ratio in which the development of the credit market, characterized, in particular, by an increase in lending to households and non-financial organizations, will not lead to a violation of the price stability of the national economy. The application of the system of econometric models allowed to reveal the ratio between the growth rate of loans to non-financial organizations and the growth rate of real GDP.

The socially optimal price (Russ. – GOC) is the price that is most relevant to the public interest. However, in some markets, situations arise when the GOC turns out to be negative, that is, the seller has to pay the buyer for the product being sold. In such situations, there may be a conflict of interests between the seller (trader) and the company. One of these markets is the oil associated gas (Russ. – APG) market in Russia. The oil associated gas market is unique and has no analogues in the world. The market structure is monopoly-monopsony. SIBUR comes from the buyer of petroleum gas, one of the oil-producing companies from the seller’s side. In the course of its historical development, conflicts often arose in the market, which were based on the pricing of petroleum gas. Market participants could not agree on a fair price for gas. This circumstance prompted the regulator to reform the NPG market using a scientific approach. In 2009, the NPG market was liberalized, but the state does not monitor prices in this market. Calculations made in 2016 showed that in some cases, an EOC for oil associated gas is negative. When applying negative OOCs, a conflict of interest is inevitable, which can lead to serious market disruptions and jeopardize the work of the petrochemical industry in Russia. The article attempts to analyze the acceptability of the use of negative GOCs and to develop measures aimed at increasing the acceptability of the sellers of negative GCbs of the products they sell.

When managing the production process at an enterprise, it is important to correctly develop a policy for overhauls of machinery and equipment. Usually for this purpose, enterprises use the standards for the repairs frequency recommended in the literature. In publications on the reliability theory, repair policy is considered as an optimization problem. In publications on the theory of reliability, this problem is considered as optimization. In this case, usually the criterion of optimization is some kind of relative indicator, such as availability rate or average operating costs per unit of time. However, such criteria do not fully reflect the economic interests of enterprises – owners of equipment. In a market economy, these enterprises are focused on maximizing their market value. In this paper, we propose to form a repair policy in which the market value of the enterprise, and therefore all its assets, will be most. The corresponding mathematical model is the best use underling the valuation theory. It also takes into account the physical deterioration of machines during their operation, as well as the possibility of random marginal failures, leading to the need to stop using the machine. In this case, the improvement of the technical condition of the machine after its overhaul is described using the Kijima imperfect repair model. The calculations carried with our model allow establishing how the optimal number and timing of repairs depend on such parameters as repair cost and its restoration factor, the rate of physical wear of machines, and the intensity of their resource failures. We show how to use the constructed model to take into account the effect of inflation rates and income and property tax rates on the repair policy.

Currently, the pace of socio-economic development is largely determined by the development level of the education system. Preschool and general education plays a special role, as they form the main features of the future workforce. The quality of the education system depends on many factors, one of which is the remuneration of pedagogical employees. The first goal of the work is to demonstrate that, despite the adoption of Presidential Decree No. 597, the salary of pedagogical employees and their standard of living continue to remain low. The second goal of the work is to analyze their wages, taking into account the ownership form of the educational organization. The article describes the basic pedagogical employees pay indicators that are presented in open databases of the statistical authorities or calculated by the author: absolute pedagogical employees’ salary and its growth; pedagogical employees’ salary as compared to the regional salary and ratio of pedagogical employees’ salary to the consumer basket of a working age adult. It is shown that in 2013–2017 the living standards of pedagogical employees as a whole has been decreasing, and the target indicator has not been reached, however, their salary markedly differs depending on the ownership form of the educational organization. In preschool education pedagogical employees of organizations in regional ownership are in the best position. Pedagogical employees of organizations in federal ownership have the best performance in general education. However, they have fairly close indices that exceed the target indicator. The most numerous pedagogical employees of municipal educational organizations are in the worst position, and their salary is far behind the wages of pedagogical employees in state-owned organizations and is well below target values.

Analysis of the change in the number of annually filed patent applications is a new method for studying the patterns of economic development. The article considers two trends. Firstly, the growth of patent applications is decreasing in the whole world with the exception of China since the 1980s excluding the short – term interval of 1997–2002, after 2002 does not exceed 1.5% per year. In China, the annual 20% increase in the number of patent applications over 25 years led to an increase in its share in the patent applications of the world by more than 40%. At the same time, the distribution of patent applications in various areas in China almost completely correlates with the global vector of scientific and technological development. Secondly: there was a change in the nature of the movement in the direction of diversification of the global scientific and technological development, as indicated by the dynamics of the Herfindahl – Hirschman index. At least from 1980 to the end of the 20th century, the monopolization index had been decreasing. The change occurred in 1997–2002, and since 2002 the monopolization index has been growing. There is an increase in the share of patent applications in the areas of Computer technology, Digital communication, Electrical equipment apparatus, Energy, Measurement. At the same time, the share of both wellformed areas, the share of which is above 2–3% (these are Telecommunications, Textile and paper machines, Audiovisual technology, Machine tools, Organic fine chemistry, Chemical engineering), and those at the initial stage (basic communication, Micro-structural and nano-technology) are decreasing. The analysis of the dynamics Revealed Technological Advantage performed. For the leading economies of the world, directions of technological development have been revealed, along which the most successful development takes place. It is shown that the directions in which the share of patent applications in Russia is ahead of its average world level, namely Food chemistry, Micro-structural and nanotechnology, Analysis of biological materials, have had a negative dynamics in the world over the past five years. Therefore, the adjustment of the domestic vector of scientific and technological development and the transfer of efforts to the development of computer technology, medical technology, civil engineering, computer technology is required.

The paper analyzes the premises and impacts of dependent capitalism model formation in Central-East European (CEE) countries, new EU members; the model is based on large-scale inflow of foreign investments and coordination of economic ties by hierarchies of transnational corporations. It is stated that CEE countries’ leaderships run into a neoliberal democracy paradox, i. e. the need to meet citizens’ social demands while exercising ever less control over national economies. The prospects of dependent capitalism model continuance in the region are assessed under new post-crisis trends in world economy, in particular, in view of reduction of transborder capital flows and decelerating international trade growth.

The sources of economic growth operationalized in CEE countries in order to evolve from long-running stagnation they found themselves in after the world financial crisis, are researched. It is proved that reliance on growing domestic consumption accompanied by weaker export orientation of the economy leads to CEE countries losing their important comparative advantages. The higher-than-anticipated growth of wages compared to labour productivity growth, depletion of reserves in utilization of labour resources cause deterioration of regional economy competitiveness.

Special attention is paid to analyze the premises of spreading of economic nationalism ideology in the region. Exemplified by Hungary, years long leader among CEE countries in foreign capital inflow, tools are demonstrated which are applied in the framework of economic policy aimed to restore state control over market economy; an attempt is made to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy. The conclusion is drawn that – contrary to liberal dogmata dominating in economic theory – making use of tools of economic nationalism can be rather efficient even under conditions of small size post-socialist countries of Europe.