This research aims to explore the connection between the evolution of economic sanctions and industrial revolutions. Employing a phenomenon-­based research approach and a realist historical perspective, this paper investigates the dynamics and mechanisms underpinning the increasing number and sophistication of sanctions throughout successive industrial revolutions. We define economic sanctions as commercial and/or financial penalties applied by states or organizations against foreign states, public or private organizations, groups, or individuals. Our main proposition is: the number and character of sanctions correlate with industrial revolutions – ​radical transformations in technological systems and civil society. We argue that the evolution of sanctions from supplements to substitutes for warfare is linked to two major factors: 1) the shifting motives behind sanctions, particularly the increasing emphasis on maintaining national competitiveness; 2) the transformation in sanction techniques – ​from total trade and financial embargoes during Industrial Revolutions 1.0 and 2.0 to targeted “smart sanctions” focusing on critical and vulnerable entities during Industrial Revolution 3.0. Both factors are strongly related with the development of technological systems in developed countries, that also play the major role as sanctioning countries. We anticipate that these trends toward more sophisticated and targeted sanctions will intensify during the forthcoming Industrial Revolutions 4.0 and 5.0, even as the overall frequency of situations requiring sanctions is expected to decline.

Economic activity is carried out mainly in various territories, due to which the nature of their organization and development has a certain impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of the economy. Planning the development of territories and the infrastructure sector organizations and life activities of the population located in them is a management tool that can increase the positive impact of territorial organization on economic processes. The objective of the article is to analyze the category of territorial planning culture as a factor influencing the processes of its functioning, capable of influencing the content of the developed territorial development plans. The existing understanding of planning culture is often criticized for its vagueness and inoperability, which prevents it from being used to improve the quality of plans produced. The analysis carried out shows that this understanding actually also includes the concept of planning ideology, which makes it an object of criticism. A clearer definition of planning culture is proposed, which allows for its specific empirical analysis and the construction of network models, increasing the potential of planning culture as a factor in improving territorial planning processes.

The purpose of a study is to analyze existing methods of managing the marketing activities of a scientific organization, identify their advantages and disadvantages and propose a new concept based on a multipolar management system. The paper is based on systemic economic theory. The paper describes four management styles: administrative, authoritarian, bureaucratic and liberal, as applied to the management of a scientific organization. It is shown what opportunities and what risk factors can appear with each management style for each of the subsystems of the managed object: object, process, project and environmental. The composition of these subsystems in the marketing activities of a scientific organization is specified, including the brand of a scientific organization, the entire complex of communication processes, a set of projects implemented within the framework of a scientific organization, including scientific research and holding scientific events, and reputation of a scientific organization among representatives of the target audience of a scientific organization representing the environmental subsystem. Examples of risk factors that may negatively affect the perception of a scientific organization’s brand, its communication with the target audience, its perception of scientific results, or its reputation in society are indicated. This study is the first to apply the duality principle as a tool for describing the interaction of a scientific organization with external actors.

The object of the exploration is the structure of machine and tool industrial sector from the positions of its achievements in the previous four years. This structure is analyzed from the points of principles which characterize all kinds of systems and from the points of known approaches to modeling just the economic systems: distributing the innovations by F. Bass and E. Rogers, combinations of managing acts by I. Adizes and the economic tetra-­structures by G.B. Kleiner. In the exploration we found the areas where these approaches cross with each other. And this is the base for the integrated view on the structure of Russian machine and tool industry, which formed as a start of realizing the new Strategy of its development. We come to conclusion that in the initial period of the Strategy’s being realized the explored economic sector receives the character of a system which has enough nomenclature of components from the points of all these three approaches. It forms the base for the progress in development of this system on the further stages of the life cycle of transformations in it. We further analyze the quantity indicators of some certain machine and tool industrial plants. These indicators characterize connections between using intangible products which belong to these plants and the economic effects of their production activities. In the case of each plant such quantity analyze proves the correctness of it’s including to one the groups depending from the success of using intangible products. It forms the base for the recommendations how to improve this work of Russian machine and tool industrial plants in future.

Increasing the competitiveness of business and economy is a constant challenge for national governments and enterprises. Clustering is recognized as an effective tool for this purpose, as it contributes to improving productivity and innovation, creating a more favorable competitive environment for enterprises. Clustering is an important model for accelerating economic development. This is the process of concentration of a group of manufacturing or service enterprises, related business entities and organizations in a certain geographical area, their specialization and interaction, which creates synergy. This approach is becoming an important part of global economic integration and regional development. With globalization, economies have become more integrated and homogeneous structures, which has led to the strengthening of cluster approaches in regional development. In this context, the main objective of the article is to study the application of clustering in the global economy and its impact on economic development. The article analyzes the role of clusters in the economic development models of various countries, and assesses their impact in the context of microeconomics, macroeconomics and international economics. The study shows that cluster structures play an effective role in accelerating economic development in both developed and developing countries, promoting cooperation between business entities and accelerating the processes of innovation and technological development. This approach increases the relevance of the article.

The import substitution policy implemented in Russia since 2014 is designed to develop domestic production of competitive products. Under the conditions of sanctions restrictions, its activation should offset the risks of curtailing the production of goods that are critically important for the country’s economy and regions. Manufacturing industries are the most affected industries due to high import dependence on machinery, equipment and technologies. The identification of problems in the implementation of import substitution policies and restrictions for different sub-sectors will be useful for authorities in adjusting industrial policy and developing support measures. The paper identifies import substitution trends for all sub-sectors of the manufacturing industry in the North-­West of Russia, for which the coefficients of the share of imports in domestic consumption in the period 2017–2021 are calculated. Based on data from Rosstat and the North-­Western Customs Administration, manufacturing industries with positive and negative trends have been identified. Anomalies of a sharp change in the share of imports for a number of industries in 2021 were found, which could have occurred due to increased sanctions pressure and additional restrictions on foreign trade. The results of the study will be of interest to economists studying the sectoral specifics of the socio-­economic development of regions, as well as to executive authorities.

Promotion of research results is currently an important component of the interaction between science and society. The success of this work depends on a series of measures undertaken by scientific organizations (SOs) in several areas. This study presents an analysis of benchmarking results of economic-­profile research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) in the context of their approaches to disseminating information about research results and promoting their brands. The sample included eight economic-­profile institutes. The analysis conducted in two directions. The first was the use of modern marketing tools in promoting the results of the organization’s activities. The second was the identification of structural features in the functioning of the organization within the framework of efforts aimed at exploring opportunities for promoting the organization and the achievements of its employees. As a result, a number of average indicators identified for disseminating information about R&D results and developing the brand, which scientific organizations can use as benchmarks in their activities. These indicators include: the number of conferences held by the organization; publication of scientific literature, including periodicals; the intensity of information dissemination in social networks, and others. The authors of the benchmarking study propose a number of measures that can help develop effective mechanisms for disseminating information about the activities of scientific organizations and their employees. The necessity of transitioning from classical promotion tools to modern ones – ​based on social interactions on the internet, electronic forms of information dissemination, and a broader approach to defining the target audience, among others is highlighted.

The article examines and analyzes in detail the plans and strategies for achieving carbon neutrality in Russia and China, in particular and jointly, within the framework of modern socio-­economic theories. It is concluded that despite the strong carbon dependence, the Russian Federation and China are actively taking measures to overcome it, since this meets the requirements of modern times, namely, the countries formulate environmental goals in the context of their economic activities. The author studies the prospects for joint projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and in the long term, to bring them to zero. Such prospects include the creation of a common carbon market, the exchange of innovative technologies in the energy sector, in particular in the field of renewable energy sources, as well as mutual control over gas emissions into the atmosphere.