Impacts on the structure of the economy are efforts aimed at changing its properties. These efforts can be used to solve various tasks, for example, for technological renewal, economic diversification, etc. One of the main goals of structural reforms in the Russian economy will remain for a long time a purposeful synthesis of such its own/internal/structural dynamic properties that, in the absence of resource constraints or even with minimally sufficient resources, would ensure self-sustaining aperiodic economic growth and smoothing business cycles. An analysis of publications on this issue over the past 20 years indicates an increase in activity in different countries aimed at finding new solutions for the formation and implementation of structural policies. The uneven development and general uncertainty of recent times have expanded the range of these countries and multiplied approaches to the development of structural policies. In this regard, we note the growing relevance of creating new tools and methods for analyzing the effectiveness of such a policy. This is reinforced by the fact that even the implementation of minimal structural policy measures based on proven approaches and solutions is fraught with miscalculations and mistakes. The responsibilities of the management circuit include an adequate response to errors, drawing conclusions from them and correcting economic behavior, up to the complete cessation of certain measures and programs. For the study of economic systems, the best possible tools are differential equations and methods of their analysis. We turn to the dynamic model of input-output balance, formalized by such equations, the author's method of its digitization and the theory of its own dynamic properties of economic systems. The purpose of the work is to improve the tools for analyzing structural policy based on the independent application of this input-output model, as well as by including it in large research computing complexes being developed at the CEMI RAS, IEF RAS and other large scientific centers. The aim of the study is to adapt the dynamic input-output balance for the analysis of structural policy. The result of the work: the author's instrumental approach, which was not previously used for the development and analysis of structural policy.

Investments and investment activities play a leading role in the development of modern countries. The outflow of capital from the country and the decline in investment activity are the factors hindering its development in the short and long term. The influx of capital and expansion of investment activity, on the contrary, is a stimulus for economic development. Investment activity is influenced by many factors, the least studied of which are historical prerequisites, motives, incentives, goals, sources of financing and other aspects of investment activity. The analysis of investment activity as a modern economic phenomenon needs to be supplemented with historical and economic analysis for identifying the characteristics of investment activity in different regions of the world. This, in turn, will make possible to establish the historically established features of investment activity in Russia, understand the relationship of motives and incentives for investing in Russia, and formulate recommendations for improving investment activity in Russia. The purpose of the study is to identify patterns of investment activity formed during the period of Antiquity and the Middle Ages in three regions of the world: the East (using the example of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Babylon, Ancient China and Ancient India), Western Europe (using the example of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Medieval Europe) and Russia. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: the historical and economic prerequisites for the formation and development of investment activity in the states of the Ancient East, Antiquity, European countries and Russia were identified during the Middle Ages, modern and contemporary times. Differences were established in goals, sources of financing, actors, objects and other aspects of investment activity. The research methodology includes the method of historical and economic research, the historical and retrospective method, the method of historical and economic reconstruction, the method of comparative analysis, elements of a system method and others. The novelty of the research results lies in the substantiation of the historically established Eastern, Western European and Russian models of investment activity.

The article provides a general overview of the development of the reaction of companies from “unfriendly countries” with manufacturing subsidiaries in Russia to the development of the Russian-Ukrainian crisis, empirical studies of the phenomenon and attempts to theoretically understand it. The purpose of the work is to stage the process and identify constructs from the theory of international business and related academic fields that could be and was used to explain and predict the behavior of its participants. The work is based on the authors’ database of all 280 enterprises of Western corporations opened in Russia between January 2012 and December 2019. The current version of the database includes profit and loss statements of 280 companies from 2019 to 2022, as well as information on their sales in 2022. The first stage of the reaction of Western business (2014 – ​February 2022) was a market restructuring and included both the departure of some companies from the Russian market and the opening of new production facilities from existing market players and the arrival of new ones. The second stage (February 2022 – ​end of 2022) was characterized by a relatively free exit of Western companies from the Russian market, which took various forms. In general, 27.8% of production facilities created in 2012–2019 by Western companies changed owners, varying by industry from 20 to 40%. It is too early to judge the impact of this departure on the economy in terms of production volumes, its technological level and management culture: there is no data. If we evaluate the scope of this exit in the value of fixed assets, that have changed owners, tht figure amounted to 1–2% of the cost of fixed assets in the corresponding sector of Russian industry, and only in the industry “Metallic works” it amounted to 5.7%. The third stage, which continues in present, is characterized by the introduction by the Russian side of significant restrictions that complicate and slow down divestment and prevent the disintegration of production complexes created by Western investors with the sale of equipment and the elimination of jobs.

The period of active development of the Russian automotive industry from the late 1990s to 2021 ended with the complete shutdown of all assembly plants of automakers from the USA, Japan, South Korea and the countries Europe. As part of the sanctions regime, all Western companies stopped investment projects, sold all assets and withdrew from all joint projects with Russian producers. Uncertainty in the timing of the lifting of sanctions has also given rise to uncertainty in the timing, conditions and opportunities for further development of the Russian automotive industry. Moreover, the very development of the automotive industry in Russia without a new strategic partner, which many of the world's best companies previously acted as, is in question. But thanks to the experience gained from the implementation of the industrial assembly regime and modern infrastructure, a new strategy for the development of the industry until 2035, geographical location and extent, the unique task of finding such a partner can be considered solved by definition. However, the risks for potential cooperation are already being realized. In these unique conditions of new opportunities and unprecedented limitations, the most appropriate time is for the formation of a strategic alliance of Russian and Chinese automakers, because Russia has no alternatives, and China so needs support for its expansion into the global car market.

The development of clusters in Russia involves active participation in the country's economy. These projects require lengthy preparation, including the search for cluster participants, suppliers of raw materials, finding investors, identifying the motivation of enterprises and public authorities to create a cluster structure. It should be noted that when creating clusters, the question arises about the systematization of the stages of its formation, in particular, about the priority of issues related to the search for suppliers and the sales market, appeals to public authorities for support. In the literature, we find confirmation that the functioning of clusters begins with the development and formation of an algorithm. The research question is whether motivational drivers and the cluster creation algorithm are capable of contributing to the better formation of the cluster structure project. The scientific hypothesis of the study is that the algorithm of the cluster structure, the identified motivational drivers will allow you to create a project of a cluster structure (on the example of the Saratov region). The purpose of the study is to develop an algorithm of the cluster structure with the help of a methodological base, to establish motivational drivers and, based on the data obtained, to form the composition of the participants of the cluster structure. The methodological basis was the works of foreign and Russian scientists who studied algorithms, motivational aspects of cluster emergence. Based on the studied data, it was concluded that the process of forming a cluster structure directly depends on the stages of its formation and during the study; the author found that the developed algorithm of the cluster structure allowed systematizing the stages of creating a cluster structure project. Motivational drivers of the cluster structure are established. The obtained algorithm and drivers led the author to the idea of creating an author's model of the cluster structure of the bakery industry (using the example of enterprises of the Saratov region). A promising direction of this research will be the implementation of this project in the baking industry of the Saratov region, and also leads to the possibility of studying the selection of enterprises as participants for the cluster structure.

The article examines the reasons determining the intensification of the crisis of labor relations in contemporary conditions. Considering the crisis of labor relations as a permanent phenomenon inherent in the socio-economic system, periodically facing bifurcation points. Its systemic features associated with the loss of the meaningful function of labour due to cardinal changes in productive forces and production processes are highlighted. The necessity of institutional environment transformation ensuring organization of labour activity directly related to the features of economic culture, traditions, values, rules and norms of the socio-economic environment is justified. The discrepancy between environmental conditions and objective transformations of the economy leads to the devaluation of labor, a decrease in its productivity against the backdrop of widespread double morality, as a reaction of workers to transformations that require a revision of their attitude towards work and its intensification. Under these conditions we observe a transformation of work from a way of life into a means of survival, projecting ideas and personal assessments of changes in the labor sphere, causing a widespread crisis in labor relations. In modern conditions of the emergence of the digital economy, new opportunities are opening up to accelerate innovative processes in the labor sphere. However, this contributes to the disruption of the balanced state of the national economic system when it passes the bifurcation point, provoking a crisis in labor relations. This is widely confirmed in practice and requires the development of a systematic understanding of this phenomenon. Modeling a national economy in a state of socio-economic transformation and a crisis in labor relations in accordance with the principle of methodological systematics allows us to holistically present, scientifically substantiate and develop practical recommendations for its overcoming.

The phenomenon of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) and, in particular, the ChatGPT service has clearly demonstrated that the future is already at the doorstep. It became clear that now we will have to live in alliance with AI, and a natural question arose – ​how best to interact with it, how it can help the company? An answer to these questions is presented in the article. Its goal is to determine the impact of AI and, first, – ​GAI on the activities of companies, on the personnel requirements, as well as to understand in which areas it can bring the greatest return, and also to evaluate the procedure for installing GAI into the work of a company. The initial data for the study were surveys of employees of companies using GAI. Based on the aggregation of survey results, business areas in which GAI provides the greatest return were identified. The individual functional areas of the company were identified where its use is most effective. It is also shown that this technology cannot massively replace low-skilled employees as help knowledge workers and perform specialized knowledge processing. Another result of the study was the determination of the sequence of stages that the deployment of this technology will undergo. It is shown that the composition and nature of the stages will, on the one hand, be determined by the maturity and capabilities of the AI itself, and on the other, – ​by the readiness of the company’s personnel to use it and the trust of employees in it. Modern business is largely data-driven. In this regard, the role of GAI in accumulating corporate knowledge and providing access to it was demonstrated. Generative intelligence helps convert corporate expertise into value, enabling a company to run a knowledge-based business. Hence, one of the key factors determining the success of GAI application is the presence in the company of the detailed data characterizing its activities. It is noted that this technology can increase the competitiveness of the company by establishing an end-to-end business knowledge management system.

A deep multifaceted study of the modern industry market's competitive environment is impossible to imagine without analyzing its qualitative and quantitative parameters, which represent a single integrated whole. When forming its own methodological approach to the decomposition of the market's competitive environment, each researcher faces the need to choose a relevant toolkit that meets the challenges of its current state. Usually, the works of modern authors, who are the followers of the institutional approach, are devoted to the analysis of the markets' competitive environment. Their works pay attention to the institutional structure of the competitive environment, as well as to the quantitative parameters of market agents' functioning. Nevertheless, in order to analyze the evolution of the competitive environment it is necessary to understand its previous states, as well as the scientific categorical apparatus through the prism of which the predecessors looked at it due to the modern socio-economic processes taking place at that time, as well as the discussion that took place in economic science in this or that period. The aim of the research is to analyze and compare the concepts of competition of representatives of the Austrian school. The object of the study is the theoretical concept of competition and competitive environment. The subject of the study is the evolution of the interpretation of these categories by the representatives of the Austrian school. The gap in the detailed understanding of the presence or absence of a coherent concept of competitive environment in some areas of economic science prompted us to turn to the works of representatives of the Austrian school in order to form a clear understanding of their vision of the competitive forces and the definition of the market competitive environment. Our research allowed systematizing and classifying the disparate opinions of the school's representatives into a single concept, which, in our opinion, opens up prospects for further research.

The article outlines the main content of the participants’ reports at the presentation of the monograph “System-oriented modelling of the real sector of the Russian meso-economy”, prepared by scientific researchers of the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (CEMI RAS). The monograph presents the study results of the current problems in the development of the domestic meso-economy using the methods of economic and mathematical modelling and system analysis.