The life cycle is inherent in any system and its individual elements. The period from the formation of a particular socio-economic system to its death (change) is its life cycle. There is an acute need for understanding new phenomena and development challenges, assessing possible threats and risks that may accompany the transformation of socio-economic relations in transitional periods. The purpose of the article is to describe the trends in socio-economic reality that have manifested in recent decades, which allow outlining the expected features of the decades to come. The consistent disclosure of substantiated trends, confirmed by the theoretical conceptual framework and the empirical component, reflects the causal relationship of all spheres of social structure. The integration social function of institutions based on the unity of dialectical positions is revealed, where the economic system serves as an arena for interaction and expression of politics, culture, psychology, ideology and other public spheres. Large-scale evolutionary changes and the emergence of new cultural types occur subject to the transformation of technology and economics. The evolving evolutionary laws of development are mediated by both institutional influence and the systemic nature of the formation of the conditions of socio-economic relations. Institutions of society contribute to the tendencies of preservation and variability of socio-economic development and their further transmission under conditions of dynamics and staging. Determining written and generally accepted rules of behavior in society, institutions reinforce the processes of interaction between economic entities, and form, within the framework of existing informal norms, motives, incentives and rules of the relationship between political, social and economic systems.

The article examines the role of development institutions in the modern economy and substantiates the relevance of their research. The purpose of this article is to study existing approaches to assessing the effectiveness of development institutions, identifying features and studying their practical application. The systematization and analysis of four approaches to assessing the activities of development institutions are carried out: as an economic entity (organization); as a tool for the effective use of public funds; as a degree of contribution to economic growth and an integrated approach. The study identified the most promising approaches to assessing the effectiveness of development institutions – the approaches of McKinsey and the OECD. These approaches, unlike the others, allow for a comprehensive performance assessment. However, the existing methods within the framework of these approaches are very difficult to apply in practice, since they are not sufficiently developed. It is concluded that it is necessary to apply an integrated approach to a comprehensive assessment of the activities of development institutions, which, according to the author, should provide for the calculation and analysis of the dynamics of indicators characterizing the socio-economic and commercial efficiency of activities; assessment of the contribution of development institutions to the socio-economic development of interstate associations, states and regions; assessment of the effectiveness of budget funds management; comparison of performance indicators of the analyzed development institution with performance indicators of similar ones. The research results can be used to determine the directions for further improvement of approaches to assessing the effectiveness of development institutions and the development of new methods.

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS involves the choice of such methods of depreciation for assets that are supposed to reflect most accurately the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits from the use of assets. However, in relation to machinery and equipment items this requirement is difficult to implement, since it is not clear how to understand and measure the economic benefits associated with such assets and the pattern of their consumption. In our opinion, the consumption of future economic benefits from the use of an asset is reflected in its fair value, and the depreciation of an asset over a period of time expresses a decrease in the fair value of the asset in that period. Having regard to this position, it is necessary to be be choosing such a depreciation method which affords the best correspondence between the carrying amount of assets and their fair values. We show that the often used linear depreciation method does not satisfy this requirement even for an asset that generates equal annual benefits from year to year. The article is devoted to the selection of the most suitable method of depreciation for machinery and equipment items. In our opinion, it is necessary to take into account the dynamics of their degradation processes (deterioration of operational characteristics). In this regard, we provide numerous data on a decrease in productivity and an increase in operating costs with age for various machinery and equipment categories. The analysis of such data allows us to offer a simple linear model of machine impair­ment/de­gradation, as well as a depreciation method based on it. This method turns out to resemble the sum of the years’ digits method and can be considered as a generalization of such a method. Its applicability to measuring the depreciation of real machinery and equipment items is confirmed by the results of economic and mathematical modeling and experimental estimates.

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Modern dairy product supply chain management systems help minimize the production and distribution of unsafe or substandard products. The purpose of this article is to assess the capabilities and level of development of planning and quality control systems in the field of supply chain management in the dairy industry using the example of Russia, Kazakhstan and Lithuania. Through a systematic analysis of statistical information, descriptors of the effectiveness of logistics supply chains and development directions of the dairy industry in the field of improving planning and quality control are identified. This study uses secondary statistics from open sources as a basis for comparative analysis. The main indicators selected for analysis are: the efficiency index of logistics, the number of dairy products, milk and dairy products and other indicators of the dairy industry. It is concluded that an effective supply chain plays a very important role for the development of the dairy industry and improving food safety in the supply chain of these products.

The article provides an analytical overview of strategies to solve the problem of industrial and household wastes of modern civilization. The review is structured in three ways. The most radical direction of reducing consumption waste is the correction of needs (of a person, society, industry). In this direction, civilization has huge reserves, as many modern needs are artificial. The situation is described through the transformation of the Maslow Pyramid into a civilization waste generator. The possibilities of greening needs are analyzed. The processes of the formation of virtual needs and the processes of virtual satisfaction of needs (“no waste”) due to the computerization of society are analyzed. The second direction of waste minimization, which does not revise the existing needs of the individual and society, the article systematically analyzes the replacement of non-ecological goods with the greener ones, greening of production, correction of behavioral stereotypes, greening processes of meeting needs. The third direction is today the most loaded in containing the rising flow of waste. This is the improvement of neutralization technologies: processing to conditions of secondary resources, or to conditions that allow reliable isolation of waste from nature and society. The system of the three directions considers the achievements of the world science and practice in a variety of areas of waste management. It has been shown that in no sphere can the problem be solved as purely technocratic. In each sphere, the solution requires a synthesis of an effective socio-ecological-economic system, including not only comprehensive technical-economic, ecological-economic and socio-economic research, but also deep sociological, socio-psychological analysis. Special attention is paid to the domestic issues. Examples of outstanding socio-ecological-economic decisions are given. Examples of large-scale errors due to the lack of system analysis are given. Special role of non-profit sector of economy is emphasized in evaluation of reserves of optimization of waste management systems.

The article defines the need to assess the financial stability of the regional economy using the example of the Altai region. The study is based on the development of assessment methods and criteria to determine the level of financial stability of the regional economy. The methodology of integrated assessment was selected as an effective tool for conducting the assessment, which allowed the most reliable assessment of the financial stability of the region based on statistical data borrowed from official sources of federal state statistics. Based on the presented data, the author investigated gross regional product per capita, indicators of the financial and economic development of the region, production growth rates, structure of budget revenues and expenses. The characteristic of the region made it possible to analyze the processes taking place in the economy of the region. The assessment methodology presented by the author on the basis of financial and economic indicators made it possible to identify the state of the financial system of the regional economy. The application of the integrated assessment methodology made it possible to determine the value of the integral indicator and classify the level of the financial condition of the economy of the Altai region as a crisis. According to the results of an integrated assessment of the financial stability of the economy using the example of the Altai region, a number of problems have been identified that affect the stability of the financial system. As a solution, the author offers a set of necessary measures to ensure the sustainable development of the financial system in the region’s economy. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying state and regional authority’s assessment methods and research results for further monitoring and adjusting regional policies, which will prevent crisis situations and improve the financial situation of the regional economy of the Russian Federation.

The development of the concept of strategic planning and management of a changing economy is considered. The research is based on the provisions of the system economic theory, which makes it possible to fully describe the dynamics of changes and their mutual impact on the economy and society. At the same time, the “new system feature” of strategic planning means bringing the strategy-building mechanisms into line with both the requirements of the new economy and the internal logic of the evolution of the national socio-economic system (SES). The theoretical and practical significance of the approach is to improve the model of planning and management in the Russian Federation, since the existing practice is not fully adequate to the new economy, which creates difficulties and risks for the scientific and technological development of the country in the era of global changes. In this regard, the concept of strategizing the economy based on system economic theory is proposed. The definition of “strategizing” concept, as well as its scientific foundations and key stages, is formulated. The scheme of strategizing as an iterative process is presented. It is shown that following the system concept of strategizing the new economy can significantly increase the validity of the strategy and lead to the harmonization of the SES; otherwise, the imbalance of sectors and the non-stationary economy may increase.

Authors consider export opportunities and the structure and dynamics of industrial export and import in the Russian Federation, Northwest Russia and St. Petersburg. The article studies structural changes in sectors of St. Petersburg economy resulting from ongoing innovation processes and their impact on export potential. It provides the results of assessing the impact of organizational, economic and production factors on export opportunities of various economic entities. Export opportunities, structure and dynamics of export and import of industrial products in the Russian Federation, the North-West region and St. Petersburg are considered. Volume of exports, imports and trade turnover in Russia in 2019, as well as the dynamics of changes in recent years are discussed. In the structure of Russia's exports in recent years, the bulk of supplies (60%) were mineral products, imports the main share of exports (over 40%) occurred in the machinery, equipment and vehicles. The high needs of the national market and the significant export potential of Russian enterprises engaged in the production of medicines and modern medical equipment are noted, which makes it possible to make a real contribution to solving important social problems and developing the national economy. The structure of exports and imports of North-West Federal district and St. Petersburg by major commodity groups, there is a saving in purchases of imported equipment combined with constant growth of exports of fuel and energy products are discussed. Structural changes in the economic sectors of St. Petersburg as a result of ongoing innovation processes and their impact on export potential are studied. The results of the assessment of the impact of organizational, economic and production factors on the export opportunities of various economic entities are presented. It is revealed that for industrial enterprises, the quality and cost of components becomes a problematic factor that hinders their development both in improving the product range and in their own technological modernization. For small and medium-sized businesses in industrial production, problems related to timely receipt of high-quality materials and products of the element base from suppliers and related companies, in most cases located abroad, are added. The role of the “Russian export center” as a state institute for supporting non-commodity exports and facilitating export operations was noted.

The article is devoted to the problem of analyzing the methodological foundations for assessing the dynamics of labour productivity in the regions of Russia in the context of the digital transformation of the economy. The identification of differences in the level of labour productivity and employment and the influencing factors is a necessary requirement for building a competent regional socio-economic policy in the new institutional conditions. Calculations of labour productivity are carried out by various international and national organizations that use a variety of methods for measuring this indicator. The presence of a sufficiently large number of methods for measuring productivity leads to the fact that each one gives its own result and different dynamics. The authors set the task to consider the existing methodological approaches to calculating labor productivity and to analyze how much they affect the results. The authors statistically tested the hypothesis of heterogeneity of ratings obtained by various methods. The calculations were made on the basis of data from Rosstat for the regions of Russia for the period from 2013 to 2018. To study the uniformity of the series, various statistical criteria were used. The analysis showed that in all years of the period under review the samples are heterogeneous. Consequently, the development of managerial decisions substantially depends on the methodology used to calculate the labour productivity index. The authors concluded that it is necessary to build an index of labour productivity based on regression dependencies on indicators reflecting the main factors affecting regional labor productivity. It helps to get a more effective assessment of regional differences in its level and dynamics. This index should be built for each region taking into account its industry specifics and the level of development of new digital technologies.

Imagine that you are owner of some service. You need to determine for a certain future period the work plan of your craftsmen, the number of consumables needed. To do this, you need to make a forecast of future services number. Classical mathematical methods of working with time series are not suitable for this task. Aggregation of data on services by months and the compilation of a time series can only confuse. Forecasting services should be performed using methods designed to work with rare events. Rare events are devoted to relatively few works. Methods for the study of rare events are significantly less than methods for analyzing frequent events (time series). The most popular method of studying rare events at the moment is the use of the theory of random processes, which uses a stream of Poisson or Erlang events. However, using random streams, one cannot predict the very moment of the occurrence of an event. The paper describes an approach to the rare events analysis, which is based on: dividing events by identifiers of the sources in which they are formed; regression process parameters occurring within the sources, resulting in these events formation; search by any known method of parameters change patterns; the process start itself to obtain a forecast of the following events time occurrence. For the consumption processes and the disturbances growth process, which are the most common processes of the events formation in the economy, a method is proposed for restoring the consumption or accumulating disturbances rate from the rare events history. Services as can be modeled as the process of accumulating disturbances to a certain level. The article is devoted to the application of the capacity method of rare events analysis on real data in the service sector (haircut in a hairdresser, a manicure in a beauty salon, cellular communication services). The task is to restore the function that leads to the acquisition of services, and then predict the following events.

The author analyzes the discussion on the problems of the genesis and the role of institutions in economic development and shows that, in particular, in the discussion of supporters of “paninstitutionalism”, “ideational approach” and “critical Marxism” its participants do not take into account the dialectical nature of the connection between the development of economic relations, institutions and ideas. The interaction between them includes not only direct, but also reverse, mutual influences. The latter, in fact, determine that ideas have a certain opposite effect on the formation of institutions, but only when they penetrate the consciousness of economic actors capable of carrying out institutional changes. Education as an integral part of culture plays an important role in this process. This role of education becomes even more significant in the context of the creative revolution, when the main factor in the development of the economy is the creative potential of a person.