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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecr-journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая наука современной России</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics of Contemporary Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1609-1442</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8996</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Regional Public Organization for Assistance to the Development of Institutions of the Department of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33293/1609-1442-2022-1(96)-45-55</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecr-journal-764</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОРИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экономический критерий оптимизации срока службы машин и оборудования с учетом их надежности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Criteria for Optimizing the Assigned Service Life of Machinery and Equipment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5287-4285</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смоляк</surname><given-names>Сергей Абрамович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolyak</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор экономических наук, главный научный сотрудник,</p><p>5831-7558</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">smolyak1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центральный экономико-математический институт РАН, Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central Economics and Mathematics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Смоляк С.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смоляк С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smolyak S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/764">https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/764</self-uri><abstract><p>Машина используется предприятием–участником рынка в непрерывном производственном процессе. При этом она может подвергнуться случайному отказу, что нанесет ущерб предприятию из-за прерывания процесса. После отказа машина выводится из эксплуатации и утилизируется. Со временем интенсивность отказов растет. В этих условиях предприятию оказывается выгодным устанавливать машине назначенный срок службы, по истечении которого (если не произошло отказа) она подлежит утилизации. Решается задача оптимизации такого срока. Обычно для ее решения в качестве критерия оптимальности используются либо средние затраты в единицу времени (включая и время на устранение последствий отказа), либо показатели надежности или иные показатели, не в полной мере отражающие коммерческие интересы владеющего машиной предприятия. Использование принципов и методов стоимостной оценки активов позволяет построить экономико-математическую модель, позволяющую рассчитать оптимальный назначенный срок службы машины и одновременно оценить рыночную стоимость выполняемых ею работ. При этом в данной задаче критерием оптимальности оказывается отношение ожидаемых дисконтированных затрат к ожидаемому дисконтированному объему работ (в единицах наработки), выполняемых машиной. При использовании такого критерия стоимость предприятия, владеющего машиной, будет максимальной. Предложенная модель позволяет оценить и рыночную стоимость исправной машины, зная ее возраст. Приводится пример, в котором время безотказной работы машины имеет распределение Рэлея. Предложенный общий подход может быть использован как при решении других оптимизационных задач теории надежности, так и для практической стоимостной оценки некоторых видов машин и оборудования.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The machine is used in a continuous production process in the enterprise that is a market participant. During its use, it can be subject to random failure after which losses occur due to interruption of the process. After failure, the machine is decommissioned and disposed of. Over time, the failure rate increases. Under these conditions, it turns out to be beneficial for the enterprise to set an assigned service life for the machine, after which (if no failure has occurred) it must be disposed of. We solve the problem of optimizing the assigned service life. Usually, to solve this problem, various optimality criteria are used, for example, average costs per unit of time (including the time to eliminate the consequences of a failure), reliability indicators, or other indicators that do not fully reflect the commercial interests of the enterprise owning the machine. Using the principles and methods of asset valuation, we build a mathematical model that allows us to calculate the optimal assigned life of the machine and at the same time assess the market value of the work performed by it. At the same time, in this problem, the optimality criterion is the ratio of the expected discounted costs to the expected discounted volume of work performed by the machine (in units of operating time). Using this criterion, the market value of the enterprise owning the machine will be the highest. The proposed model allows us to estimate the market value of the serviceable machine knowing its age. We compare the proposed and alternative optimality criteria. We give an example in which machine failures have a Rayleigh distribution. The proposed general approach can be used both in solving other optimization problems of reliability theory and for practical valuation of some types of machinery and equipment.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>надежность</kwd><kwd>отказ</kwd><kwd>назначенный срок службы</kwd><kwd>критерий оптимизации</kwd><kwd>стоимостная оценка</kwd><kwd>принцип ожидания выгод</kwd><kwd>коэффициенты годности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>reliability</kwd><kwd>failure</kwd><kwd>assigned service life</kwd><kwd>optimization criterion</kwd><kwd>valuation</kwd><kwd>principle of anticipation of future benefits</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виленский П. Л., Лившиц В. Н., Смоляк С. А. (2015). Оценка эффективности инвестиционных проектов: Теория и практика. учеб. пособие. 5е изд. 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