ecr-journalЭкономическая наука современной РоссииEconomics of Contemporary Russia1609-14422618-8996Regional Public Organization for Assistance to the Development of Institutions of the Department of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.33293/1609-1442-2020-3(90)-63-77ecr-journal-520Research ArticleЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННАЯ ПРАКТИКАECONOMICAL POLICY AND ECONOMICAL PRACTICEСовременные стратегии сокращения отходовModern Waste Reduction StrategiesГординИгорь ВикторовичGordinIgor V.

д.т.н., главный научный сотрудник

ivgordin@mail.ruИнститут программных систем РАН, МоскваРоссияProgram Systems Institute of RAS, MoscowRussian Federation202006082020036377Copyright © Гордин И.В., 20202020Гордин И.В.Gordin I.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/520

В статье дан аналитический обзор стратегий решения проблемы производственных и бытовых отходов современной цивилизации. Обзор структурирован по трем направлениям. Самым радикальным направлением сокращения отходов рассматривается корректировка потребностей (человека, социума, производства). На этом направлении цивилизация располагает огромными резервами, поскольку многие современные потребности в значительной степени искусственны. Ситуация описывается через преобразование пирамиды Маслоу в конфигурацию генератора цивилизационных отходов. Наряду с возможностями воспитания экологизированных потребностей в статье анализируются процессы формирования виртуальных потребностей и процессы виртуального («безотходного») удовлетворения потребностей по мере компьютеризации общества. Вторым направлением минимизации отходов, не пересматривающим имеющиеся потребности личности и социума, статья системно анализирует замену неэкологичных товаров более экологичными, экологизацию производств, корректировку поведенческих стереотипов, экологизирующую процессы удовлетворения потребностей. Третье направление является сегодня самым нагруженным в сдерживании нарастающей лавины отходов. Это совершенствование технологий их обезвреживания посредством переработки до кондиций вторичных ресурсов или до кондиций, позволяющих надежно изолировать их от природы и общества. В системе названных трех направлений рассматриваются достижения мировой науки и практики в самых разных сферах обращения с отходами. Показано, что ни в какой сфере проблема не может быть решена как чисто технократическая. В каждой сфере для решения необходим синтез эффективной социо-эколого-экономической системы, включающий не только всесторонние технико-экономические, эколого-экономические и социально-экономические исследования, но и глубокий социологический, социально-психологический анализ. Особое внимание уделено отечественной проблематике. Приведены как примеры выдающихся социо-эколого-экономических решений, так и примеры крупномасштабных ошибок, сформированных несистемностью подхода. В оценке резервов оптимизации систем обращения с отходами акцентируется особая роль некоммерческого сектора экономики.

The article provides an analytical overview of strategies to solve the problem of industrial and household wastes of modern civilization. The review is structured in three ways. The most radical direction of reducing consumption waste is the correction of needs (of a person, society, industry). In this direction, civilization has huge reserves, as many modern needs are artificial. The situation is described through the transformation of the Maslow Pyramid into a civilization waste generator. The possibilities of greening needs are analyzed. The processes of the formation of virtual needs and the processes of virtual satisfaction of needs (“no waste”) due to the computerization of society are analyzed. The second direction of waste minimization, which does not revise the existing needs of the individual and society, the article systematically analyzes the replacement of non-ecological goods with the greener ones, greening of production, correction of behavioral stereotypes, greening processes of meeting needs. The third direction is today the most loaded in containing the rising flow of waste. This is the improvement of neutralization technologies: processing to conditions of secondary resources, or to conditions that allow reliable isolation of waste from nature and society. The system of the three directions considers the achievements of the world science and practice in a variety of areas of waste management. It has been shown that in no sphere can the problem be solved as purely technocratic. In each sphere, the solution requires a synthesis of an effective socio-ecological-economic system, including not only comprehensive technical-economic, ecological-economic and socio-economic research, but also deep sociological, socio-psychological analysis. Special attention is paid to the domestic issues. Examples of outstanding socio-ecological-economic decisions are given. Examples of large-scale errors due to the lack of system analysis are given. Special role of non-profit sector of economy is emphasized in evaluation of reserves of optimization of waste management systems.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.