<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecr-journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая наука современной России</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics of Contemporary Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1609-1442</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8996</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Regional Public Organization for Assistance to the Development of Institutions of the Department of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecr-journal-278</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННАЯ ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECONOMICAL POLICY AND ECONOMICAL PRACTICE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Структурные или институциональные сдвиги?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Structual or institutional change?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Верников</surname><given-names>Андрей Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vernikov</surname><given-names>Andrei V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">vernikov@inecon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт экономики РАН, Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Economics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>115</fpage><lpage>131</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Верников А.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Верников А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vernikov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/278">https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/278</self-uri><abstract><p>На примере банковской сферы в статье делается попытка измерить и сопоставить структурные сдвиги и институциональные изменения за новейший период экономической истории России (1991–2016 гг.). Предложенный автором набор показателей характеризует состав популяции банков с выделением государственных и частных организаций и объем находящихся под их контролем финансовых ресурсов. Далее идут показатели, призванные охарактеризовать режим и направленность функционирования банковского сектора по тем или иным правилам. Делается попытка квантифицировать выполнение банками ключевых функций по отношению к реальному сектору, место банковской деятельности в экономике страны и ее вклад в общественное благосостояние. В начале периода наблюдений разрушались доставшаяся от предыдущей эпохи кредитная система и механизмы координации между «реальным» и «денежным» секторами экономики. После кризиса 1998 г. вектор эволюции изменился в сторону государственного участия в кредитных учреждениях и централизованного размещения кредитных ресурсов. В целом банки стали больше заниматься своим непосредственным делом, а именно кредитованием реального сектора. Показатели государственных банков улучшаются, тогда как прибыльность частного банковского капитала падает. Структурные сдвиги пока не привели к кардинальному изменению типа функционирования банковского сектора, что оценивается методом распознавания образа. Квазирыночная среда, которая успела сформироваться за последние 25–30 лет, сохранилась. Основная часть операций государственного банка совершается по решению его менеджеров, а не правительства и направлена на извлечение прибыли. Новизна данного текста в том, что на примере конкретной экономической сферы подобраны статистические показатели для квантификации институциональной динамики, причем предлагается отличать показатели институциональных изменений от показателей, характеризующих структуру банковского сектора.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper attempts measuring institutional change as compared to structural change. I take the case of the Russian banking industry in 1991–2016. I put forward a set of metrics featuring the actors broken down by ownership form (stateowned vs. private banks) and the resources that each bank category commands. Another set of metrics features the regime and modality of banking according to certain norms. These latter are quantified via the performance of key banking functions with regard to the rest of the economy, the relevance of banking for the economy and its contribution to social welfare. At the first stage, the communist-era credit system falls apart, and so do coordination mechanisms between monetary and real sectors of the economy. After the 1998 crisis, evolution goes in the direction of greater government involvement in banks and centralized allocation of financial resources. Banks become more committed to their core business of financing the real economy. The performance of state-owned banks improves whereas that of privately owned banks deteriorates. Structural change has not yet led to a substantially different way of functioning of the banking industry, according to pattern recognition methodology. A state-owned bank acts mainly under the guidance of its management rather than the government, and pursues profitability. The contribution of this paper is that it tackles the interplay between structural and institutional change and tries to quantify both of them in a particular economic sector.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>институциональные изменения</kwd><kwd>структурные изменения</kwd><kwd>эволюционный анализ</kwd><kwd>мезоэкономика</kwd><kwd>банки</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>государство</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>institutional change</kwd><kwd>structural change</kwd><kwd>evolutionary analysis</kwd><kwd>mesoeconomics</kwd><kwd>banks</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>state</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания по теме «Феномен мезоуровня в экономическом анализе: новые теории и их практическое применение»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ананьич Б.В. Банкирские дома в России 1860–1914 гг. Очерки истории частного предпринимательства. М.: Российская политическая энциклопедия (РОССПЭН), 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ananyich B.V. (2006). Banking houses in Russia in 1860–1914. Essays on the history of private entrepreneurship. Moscow, ROSSPAN (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андрюшин С.А. Банковская система России: особенности эволюции и концепция развития. М.: Ин-т экономики РАН, 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andryushin S.A. (1998). Russian banking system: Evolution and development concept. Moscow, Institute of Economics RAS (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов А.Ю., Малков Е.С., Полищук Л.И., Рохлиц М., Сюняев Г.Р. Измерение институтов в российских регионах: методология, источники данных, анализ // Вопросы экономики. 2015. № 2. С. 69–103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baranov A., Malkov E., Polishchuk L., Rochlitz M., Syunyaev G. (2015). How (not) to measure Russian regional institutions. Voprosi Ekonomiki, no. 2, pp. 69–103 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бовыкин В.И., Петров Ю.А. Коммерческие банки Российской империи. М.: Перспектива, 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berkowitz D., Hoekstra M. Schoors K. (2014), Bank privatization, finance, and growth. Journal of Development Economics, vol. 110, p. 93–106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бугров А.В. Очерки по истории казенных банков в России. М.: Научно-технич. центр «КВАН», 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertay A., Demirgüç-Kunt A., Huizinga H. (2015), Bank ownership and credit over the business cycle: Is lending by state banks less procyclical? Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 50, p. 326–339.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Верников А.В. Доля государственного участия в банковской системе России // Деньги и кредит. 2009. № 11. С. 4–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bezemer D. (2014). Schumpeter might be right again: The functional differentiation of credit. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 935–950.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Верников А.В., Кирдина С.Г. Эволюция банков в Х- и Y-экономиках // Эволюционная экономика и финансы: инновации, конкуренция, экономический рост. М.: Ин-т экономики РАН, 2010. С. 244–278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonin J., Hasan I., Wachtel P. (2005). Bank performance, efficiency and ownership in transition countries. Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 31–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Верников А.В., Мамонов М.Е. Сравнительный анализ эффективности госбанков и частных банков в России: новые расчеты // Деньги и кредит. 2015. № 7. С. 21–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bovykin V.I., Petrov Yu A. (1994). Commercial banks of the Russian Empire. Moscow, Perspektiva (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Верников А.В., Мамонов М.Е. Долгосрочное банковское кредитование: какие банки им занимаются и почему? // ЭКО. 2016. № 9. С. 135–150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buchanan J., Chai D.H., Deakin S. (2014). Empirical analysis of legal institutions and institutional change: Multiple-methods approaches and their application to corporate governance research. Journal of Institutional Economics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гиндин И.Ф. Русские коммерческие банки: из истории финансового капитала в России. М.: Госфиниздат, 1948.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bugrov A.V. (2003). Essays on the history of Government Banks in Russia. Moscow, KVAN (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибрагимова Д.Х. Динамика доверия финансовым институтам и парадоксы сберегательного поведения населения // Банковское дело. 2015. № 12. С. 27–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carvalho D. (2014). The real effects of governmentowned banks: Evidence from an emerging market. Journal of Finance, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 577–609.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кирдина С., Рубинштейн А., Толмачева И. Некоторые количественные оценки институциональных изменений: опыт исследования российского законодательства // Terra Economicus. 2010. Т. 8. № 3. С. 8–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CBR (2017). Banking supervision report, 2016. Moscow, Central Bank of Russia (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кирдина С.Г. Институциональные матрицы и развитие России: введение в X–Y-теорию. СПб.; М.: Нестор-История, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernykh L., Theodossiou A. (2011). Determinants of bank long-term lending behavior: Evidence from Russia. Multinational Finance Journal, vol. 15, no. 3/4, pp. 193–216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клейнер Г.Б. Эффективность мезоэкономических систем переходного периода // Проблемы теории и практики управления. 2002. № 6. С. 24–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coleman N., Feler L. (2015). Bank ownership, lending, and local economic performance during the 2008–2009 financial crisis. Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 50–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клейнер Г., Петросян Д., Беченов А. Еще раз о роли государства и государственного сектора в экономике // Вопросы экономики. 2004. № 4. С. 25–41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dinç S. (2005). Politicians and banks: Political influences on government-owned banks in emerging countries. Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 453–479.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крылова Л.В. Функции банков и банковской системы: теоретический аспект и методы количественной оценки // Финансовая аналитика: проблемы и решения. 2011. № 7 (49). C. 2–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dopfer K. (2012). The origins of mesoeconomics. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 133–160. doi:10.1007/s00191-011-0218-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крылова Л.В., Крылов С.В. Институциональная структура российской банковской системы и направления ее трансформации // Финансовая аналитика: проблемы и решения. 2014. № 40. С. 2–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freinkman L., Dashkeev V., Muftiahetdinova M. (2009). Analysis of institutional dynamics in the economies in transition. IET Working Papers, no. 126. Moscow, Gaydar Institute (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маевский В.И. Введение в эволюционную макроэкономику. М.: Япония сегодня, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fungáčová Z., Herrala R., Weill L. (2013). The influence of bank ownership on credit supply: Evidence from the recent financial crisis. Emerging Markets Review, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 136–147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Норт Д. Институты, институциональные изменения и экономические преобразования. М.: Начала-пресс, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gindin I.F. (1948). Russian Commercial Banks: From the history of financial capital in Russia. Moscow, GosFinIzdat (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Отчет о развитии банковского сектора и банковского надзора в 2016 году. М.: Банк России, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardie I., Howarth D. (2013). Market-based banking and the international financial crisis. Oxford, Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полтерович В.М. Стратегии институциональных реформ. Перспективные траектории // Экономика и математические методы. 2006. Т. 42. № 1. С. 3–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibragimova D.Kh. (2015). Evolution of trust to financial institutions and the paradox and household saving behaviour. Bankovskoye Delo, no. 12, pp. 27–34 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рубинштейн А.Я. К теории рынков «опекаемых благ». Статья I. Опекаемые блага и их место в экономической теории // Общественные науки и современность. 2009. № 1. С. 139–152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karas A., Schoors K., Weill L. (2010). Are private banks more efficient than public banks? Evidence from Russia. Economics of Transition. 2010, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 209–244.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саломатина С.А. Коммерческие банки в России: динамика и структура операций, 1864–1917 гг. М.: Российская политическая энциклопедия (РОССПЭН), 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirdina S., Rubinstein A., Tolmacheva I. (2010). Some quantitative assessment of institutional change: The case of the Russian legislation study. Terra Economicus, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 8–22 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тулин Д.В. О способах фальсификации банками финансовой отчетности // Деньги и кредит. 2006. № 3. C. 15–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirdina S.G. (2014). Institutional Matrices and the development of Russia: An introduction to X-Y–Theory. St.-Pet.; Moscow, Nestor-Istoria (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уразова С.А. Волны реформ и контрреформ банковской системы России в динамике длинных экономических циклов Н.Д. Кондратьева // Финансовые исследования. 2015а. № 3 (48). С. 79–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kleiner G.B. (2002). The efficiency of transitional mesoeconomic systems. Problemy Teorii i Praktiki Upravleniya, no. 6, pp. 24–30 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уразова С.А. Волны реформ и контрреформ банковской системы России в динамике долгосрочных экономических циклов Н.Д. Кондратьева (продолжение) // Финансовые исследования. 2015б. № 4 (49). С. 103–112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kleiner G., Petryan D., Bechenov A. (2004). The role of the state and public sector in the economy: Revisited. Voprosi Ekonomiki, no. 4, pp. 25–41 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фрейнкман Л.М., Дашкеев В.В., Муфтяхетдинова М.Р. Анализ институциональной динамики в странах с переходной экономикой // Научные труды ИЭПП. 2009. № 126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krylova L.V. (2011). The functions of banks and banking system: Theoretical aspect and quantification methods. Finansovaya Analitika: Problemy i Resheniya, no. 7(49), pp. 2–8 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шумпетер Й.А. Теория экономического развития. М.: Прогресс, 1982.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krylova L.V., Krylov S.V. (2014). Institutional structure of the Russian banking system and the direction of its transformation. Finansovaya Analitika: Problemy i Resheniya, no. 40, pp. 2–10 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berkowitz D., Hoekstra M., Schoors K. Bank privatization, finance, and growth // Journal of Development Economics. 2014. Vol. 110. P. 93–106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">La Porta R., López-de-Silanes F., Shleifer A. (2002). Government ownership of banks. Journal of Finance, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 265–301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertay A., Demirgüç-Kunt A., Huizinga H. Bank ownership and credit over the business cycle: Is lending by state banks less procyclical? // Journal of Banking and Finance. 2015. Vol. 50. P. 326–339.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayevsky V.I. (1997). An introduction to evolutionary macroeconomics. Moscow, Yaponia Segodnya (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bezemer D. Schumpeter might be right again: The functional differentiation of credit // Journal of Evolutionary Economics. 2014. Vol. 24. № 5. P. 935–950.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">North D. (1997). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Moscow, Nachala-Press (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonin J., Hasan I., Wachtel P. Bank performance, efficiency and ownership in transition countries // Journal of Banking and Finance. 2005. Vol. 29. № 1. P. 31–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polterovich V.M. (2006). Institutional reform strategies: Promising trajectories. Economics and Math. Methods, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 3–18 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buchanan J., Chai D.H., Deakin S. Empirical analysis of legal institutions and institutional change: Multiple-methods approaches and their application to corporate governance research // Journal of Institutional Economics. 2014. Vol. 10. № 1. P. 1–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubinstein A.Ya. (2009). The theory of patronized goods. Article 1. Patronized goods and their place in economic theory. Obschestvenniye Nauki i Sovremennost, no. 1, pp. 139–152 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carvalho D. The real effects of government-owned banks: Evidence from an emerging market // Journal of Finance. 2014. Vol. 69. № 2. P. 577–609.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salomatina S.A. (2004). Commercial Banks in Russia: The dynamics and structure of operations, 1864– 1917. Moscow, ROSSPAN (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chernykh L., Theodossiou A. Determinants of bank longterm lending behavior: Evidence from Russia // Multinational Finance Journal. 2011. Vol. 15. № 3/4. P. 193–216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sapienza P. (2004). The effects of government ownership on bank lending. Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 357–384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coleman N., Feler L. Bank ownership, lending, and local economic performance during the 2008–2009 financial crisis // Journal of Monetary Economics. 2015. Vol. 71. № 4. P. 50–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schumpeter J.A. (1982). The theory of economic development. Moscow, Progress (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dinç S. Politicians and banks: Political influences on government-owned banks in emerging countries // Journal of Financial Economics. 2005. Vol. 77. № 2. P. 453–479.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tulin D.V. (2006). How banks falsify their financial reports. Dengi i Kredit, no. 3, pp. 15–20 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dopfer K. The origins of meso economics // Journal of Evolutionary Economics. 2012. Vol. 22. № 1. P. 133–160. doi:10.1007/s00191-011-0218-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urazova S.A. (2015а). Wave of reforms and counter Russian banking system in the dynamics of longterm economic cycle ND Kondratiev. Finansoviye Issledovaniya, no. 3 (48), pp. 79–90 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fungáčová Z., Herrala R., Weill L. The influence of bank ownership on credit supply: Evidence from the recent financial crisis // Emerging Markets Review. 2013. Vol. 15. № 2. P. 136–147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urazova S.A. (2015b). Wave of reforms and counter Russian banking system in the dynamics of long-term economic cycle ND Kondratiev (continued). Finansoviye Issledovaniya, no. 4 (49), pp. 103–112 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hardie I., Howarth D. Market-based banking and the international financial crisis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanteeva N., Hickson C. (2015). Gerschenkron revisited: The new corporate Russia. Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 978–1007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karas A., Schoors K., Weill L. Are private banks more efficient than public banks? Evidence from Russia // Economics of Transition. 2010. Vol. 18. № 1. P. 209–244.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vernikov A.V. (2009). Assessing government participation in the Russian banking system. Dengi i Kredit, no. 11, pp. 4–14 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">La Porta R., López-de-Silanes F., Shleifer A. Government ownership of banks // Journal of Finance. 2002. Vol. 57. № 1. P. 265–301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vernikov A.V., Kirdina S.G. (2010). Evolution of banks in Х-economies and Y-economies. Evolutionary economics and finance: Innovation, competition, and economic growth. Moscow, Institute of Economics RAS, pp. 244–278 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sapienza P. The effects of government ownership on bank lending // Journal of Financial Economics. 2004. Vol. 72. № 2. P. 357–384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vernikov A.V., Mamonov M.E. (2015). Comparative efficiency analysis of state-controlled and private banks in Russia: New empirical evidence. Dengi i Kredit, no. 7, pp. 21–32 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanteeva N., Hickson C. Gerschenkron revisited: The new corporate Russia // Journal of Economic Issues. 2015. Vol. 49. № 4. P. 978–1007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vernikov A. (2015). A guide to Russian bank data: Breaking down the sample of banks. SSRN Working Paper Series, no. 2600738. URL: http://ssrn.com/ abstract=2600738.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vernikov A. A guide to Russian bank data: Breaking down the sample of banks // SSRN Working Paper Series. 2015. № 2600738. URL: http://ssrn.com/ abstract=2600738.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vernikov A.V., Mamonov M.E. (2016). Long-term bank lending in Russia: Which banks lend more and why? EKO, no. 9, pp. 135–150 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voigt S. How (not) to measure institutions // Journal of Institutional Economics. 2013. Vol. 9. № 1. P. 1–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voigt S. (2013). How (not) to measure institutions. Journal of Institutional Economics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woo-Cumings M. (ed.) The Developmental State. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 1999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woo-Cumings M. (ed.) (1999). The developmental state. Ithaca; London, Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
