<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecr-journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая наука современной России</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics of Contemporary Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1609-1442</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8996</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Regional Public Organization for Assistance to the Development of Institutions of the Department of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33293/1609-1442-2026-29(3)-174-186</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">WUBYZC</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecr-journal-1188</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY OF ECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Статистическая парадигма управления В.А. Трапезникова и ее приложение к моделированию функционирования хаотизированной индустриальной системы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Trapeznikov’s statistical control paradigm and its application to modeling the functioning of a chaotic industrial system</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8581-9733</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чупров</surname><given-names>Сергей Витальевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chuprov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор экономических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Economics), Professor, Professor at the Department</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ChuprovSV@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Байкальский государственный университет, Иркутск</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Baikal State University, Irkutsk</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>174</fpage><lpage>186</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Regional Public Organization for Assistance to the Development of Institutions of the Department of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Regional Public Organization for Assistance to the Development of Institutions of the Department of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Regional Public Organization for Assistance to the Development of Institutions of the Department of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1188">https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1188</self-uri><abstract><p>120‑летие прославленного отечественного ученого академика В.А. Трапезникова актуализирует осмысление его научного поиска — ​его приверженность статистическому методу в исследовании поведения экономических систем, которое стало прологом аргументированной им энтропийно-информационной парадигмы анализа эффекта их функционирования. Укоренившийся в экономике детерминизм, господствовавший в формализации ее классических задач, уступил место вероятностному толкованию зависимости этого эффекта от влияющих на него факторов, что дает возможность обнаружить и интерпретировать присущие экономическим структурам закономерности их поведения, динамики показателей неопределенности, организации и работы в симбиозе естественных и экономических наук. Цель представленного исследования состоит в приращении знаний о статистическом функционировании индустриальной системы, отображаемых энтропийных, информационных и экономических процессах. В статье в соответствии со статистической парадигмой управления В.А. Трапезникова изложены приложения парадигмы в анализе логистической модели Ферхюльста (Верхульста) и Реденура, построении логарифмической модели с включением в нее показателей управляющей информации, неупорядоченности и заданного уровня совершенства (по В.А. Трапезникову) управления системой. Обсуждается полученное условие устойчивости этого уровня в отношении индустриальной системы с трактовкой экспоненциального роста вводимой управляющей информации. Охарактеризован уровень знаний экономической системы по В.А. Трапезникову, его определение и расчет по материалу промышленного предприятия. В рамках статистической парадигмы управления введена оценка уровня несовершенства управления индустриальной системой, дано описание и интерпретация разработанных моделей ее связи с неупорядоченностью и количеством управляющей информации, с энтропийной мерой порядка функционирования системы в исходном и текущем состояниях. Отмечены области проводимых конвергентных исследований по энтропийно-информационной природе экономических процессов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>120th anniversary of the famous domestic Academician V.A. Trapeznikov actualizes the features of his scientific search with commitment to statistical teaching in the study of economic systems’ behavior, which became a prologue to his entropy-informational paradigm of analyzing the effect of their functioning. The entrenched determinism in economics, which dominated the formalization of its classical problems, gave a way to a probabilistic interpretation of the dependence of this effect on the factors it is influencing. It makes possible to identify and interpret the inherent patterns of behavior and dynamics of uncertainty indicators, organization, and effect of industrial systems in the symbiosis of natural sciences and economics. The aim of the present study is to increase knowledge about the statistical nature of the functioning of the industrial system; it is displayed by its entropy, information, and economic processes. According to V.A. Trapeznikov’s statistical control paradigm, the article presents its applications in the analysis of Verhulst and Redenur’s logistic models, the construction of a logarithmic model incorporating indicators of information control, disorder, and a given level of system control perfection (according to V.A. Trapeznikov). The obtained condition for the stability of this level in relation to the industrial system with the interpretation of the exponential growth of the input control information is discussed. The level of knowledge of the economic system according to V.A. Trapeznikov, its definition and calculation based on the material of industrial enterprise is characterized. Within the framework of the statistical control paradigm, the article introduces an assessment of the level of control system imperfection of an industrial system, provides a description and interpretation of the developed models of its relationship with disorder and the amount of control information, and with the entropy measure of the system’s functioning in its initial and current states. The areas of ongoing convergent studies on the entropy-informational nature of economic processes are noted.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>индустриальная система</kwd><kwd>неопределенность</kwd><kwd>статистическая парадигма управления</kwd><kwd>устойчивость</kwd><kwd>хаос</kwd><kwd>энтропия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>industrial system</kwd><kwd>information</kwd><kwd>model</kwd><kwd>uncertainty</kwd><kwd>order</kwd><kwd>control</kwd><kwd>stability</kwd><kwd>chaos</kwd><kwd>entropy</kwd><kwd>effect</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена по результатам развития исследований, поддержанных грантами Международного научного фонда экономических исследований академика Н.П. Федоренко в 2005 и 2008 гг.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research presented in this article was developed with the support of grants from the Academician N.P. Fedorenko International Scientific Foundation of Economic Research in 2005 and 2008.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Берг А. (1965). Предисловие к первому русскому изданию // Кибернетика и управление производством. 2‑е изд. М.: Наука. С. 3–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg A. (1965). Preface to the first Russian edition. Cybernetics and Management. 2nd ed. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 3–6/ (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беспалов В.Г., Крылов В.Н., Михайлов В.Н. (2008). Основы геоинформатики. Раздел 1. СПб.: СПбГУ ИТМО. 204 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bespalov V.G., Krylov V.N., Mikhailov V.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Geoinformatics. Section 1. St. Petersburg: SPbSU ITMO. 204 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бриллюэн Л. (1966). Научная неопределенность и информация. М.: Мир. 271 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brillouin L. (1966). Scientific uncertainty and information. Moscow: Mir. 271 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Викуленко А.Е. (2012). Необходимость энтропийного управления инновационным развитием общества как сложной системы // Известия Санкт-Петербургского государственного технологического института (технического университета). № 15 (41). С. 1–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuprov S.V. (2012). Management of Stability of Production Systems: Theory, Methodology, and Practice. 2nd ed. Irkutsk: BSUEL (Baikal State University of Economics and Law) Publishing House. 354 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Винер Н. (1983). Кибернетика, или управление и связь в животном и машине. М.: Наука. 341 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuprov S.V. (2024a). Intellectualization and Management Improvement of Industrial System Functioning in Axiomatics of Information Entropy. Bulletin of Baikal State University, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 638–647 (In Russ.) http://doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2024.34(4).638-647</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гришина Н.А., Попов Е.И., Сатановский Р.Л. (1991). Развитие эффективной организации и управления производством. Иркутск: Иркутский политехнический институт (ИПИ). 59 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuprov S.V. (2024b). Entropy and Information Paradigms in Conceptualizing the Management of the Effect and Stability of the Industrial System. Economics and Management, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1510–1520. (In Russ.) http://doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2024-12-1510-1520</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Давыдова Г.В., Булгакова М.А. (2024). Совершенствование свой­ств и моделирование динамики роста экономической системы регионального лесного комплекса в условиях детерминированного хаоса // Известия Байкальского государственного университета. Т. 34. № 2. С. 331–340. https://doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2024.34(2).331-340</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuprov S.V. (2025a). Modeling of Entropic Dynamics and Information Analysis of an Industrial System. Information Science and Control Systems, no. 3 (85), pp. 29–40. (In Russ.) URL: https://ics.togudv.ru/media/2025/N85_03.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Завельский М.Г., Починщиков Л.Е. (1969). Об оценке деятельности по организации и управлению производством // Экономика и математические методы. Т. 5. Вып. 5. С. 763–768.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuprov S.V. (2025b). Generalization of Deterministic and Probabilistic Measures of States and the Organization of a Production System. New in Economic Cybernetics, 2025, no. 3, pp. 76–92. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Королев О.Л., Куссый М.Ю., Сигал А.В. (2022). Применение энтропии при моделировании процессов принятия решений в экономике / под ред. проф. А.В. Сигала. М.: ИНФРА-М. 202 с. https://doi.org/10.12737/1865188</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davydova G.V., Bulgakova M.A. (2024). Improving the Properties and Modeling the Growth Dynamics of the Economic System of the Regional Forest Complex in Conditions of Deterministic Chaos. Bulletin of Baikal State University, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 331–340. (In Russ.) http://doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2024.34(2).331-340</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кучин Б.Л., Якушева Е.В. (1990). Управление развитием экономических систем: технический прогресс, устойчивость. М.: Экономика. 157 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Encyclopedia of Cybernetics. (1975). Ed. by V.M. Glushkov. Kiev: Ch. ed. of Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia (USE), vol. 1. 608 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прангишвили И.В. (2003). Энтропийные и другие системные закономерности: вопросы управления сложными системами. М.: Наука. 428 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grishina N.A., Popov E.I., Satanovsky R.L. (1991). Development of an Effective Organization and Production Management. Irkutsk: IPI. 59 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трапезников В.А. (1966). Автоматическое управление и экономика // Автоматика и телемеханика. Вып. 1. С. 5–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khitrova T.I., Peshkova O.V., Khitrova E.M. (2023). Technological Aspects of the Concept of Forming a Single Information Space of a Modern Enterprise. Bulletin of Baikal State University, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 735–743. (In Russ.) http://doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2023.33(4).735-743</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трапезников В.А. (1969). Вопросы управления экономическими системами // Автоматика и телемеханика. Вып. 1. С. 5–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korolev O.L., Kussiy M.Yu., Sigal A.V. (2022). Application of Entropy in Modeling Decision-Making Processes in Economics. Ed. by prof. A.V. Sigal. Moscow: INFRA-M. 202 p. (In Russ.) http://doi.org/10.12737/1865188</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трапезников В.А. (1971). Темп научно-технического прогресса — ​показатель эффективности управления экономикой // Автоматика и телемеханика. Вып. 4. С. 5–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuchin B.L., Yakusheva E.V. (1990). Management of Economic Systems Development: Technical Progress, and Sustaina­bility. Moscow: Ekonomika. 157 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трапезников В.А. (1972). Человек в системе управления // Автоматика и телемеханика. Вып. 2. С. 5–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prangishvili I.V. (2003). Entropic and Other System Patterns: Issues of Complex Systems Management. Moscow: Nauka. 428 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трапезников В.А. (1983). Управление и научно-технический прогресс. М.: Наука. 224 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schrödinger E. (1944). What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. Moscow: State Publishing House of Foreign Literature. 146 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хитрова Т.И., Хитрова Е.М., Пешкова О.В. (2023). Технологические аспекты концепции формирования единого информационного пространства современного предприятия // Известия Байкальского государственного университета. Т. 33. № 4. С. 735–743. https://doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2023.33(4).735-743</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trapeznikov V.A. (1966). Automatic control and economics. Automation and Remote Control, no. 1, pp. 5–22. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чупров С.В. (2012). Управление устойчивостью производственных систем: теория, методология, практика. 2‑е изд. Иркутск: Изд-во БГУЭП (Байкальского государственного университета экономики и права). 354 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Тrapeznikov V.A. (1969). Issues of Economic Systems Control. Automation and Remote Control, no. 1, pp. 5–24. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чупров С.В. (2024а). Интеллектуализация и совершенство управления функционированием индустриальной системы в аксиоматике информационной энтропии // Известия Байкальского государственного университета. Т. 34. № 4. С. 638–647. https://doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2024.34(4).638-647</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trapeznikov V.A. (1971). The pace of scientific and technological progress is an indicator of the effectiveness of economic control. Automation and Remote Control, no. 4, pp. 5–36. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чупров С.В. (2024б). Энтропийная и информационная парадигмы в концептуализации управления эффектом и устойчивостью функционирования индустриальной системы // Экономика и управление. Т. 30. № 12. С. 1510–1520. http://doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2024-12-1510-1520</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trapeznikov V.A. (1972). Man in the Control System. Automation and Remote Control, no. 2, pp. 5–16. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чупров С.В. (2025а). Моделирование энтропийной динамики и информационный анализ индустриальной системы // Информатика и системы управления. № 3 (85). С. 29–40. https://ics.togudv.ru/media/2025/N85_03.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trapeznikov V.A. (1983). Control and scientific and technological progress. Moscow: Nauka. 224 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чупров С.В. (2025б). Обобщение детерминированной и вероятностной мер состояний и организованность производственной системы // Новое в экономической кибернетике. № 3. С. 76–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vikulenko A.E. (2012). The Need for Entropic Management of Society’s Innovative Development as a Complex System. Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), no. 15 (41), pp. 1–23. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шредингер Э. (1947). Что такое жизнь? С точки зрения физики. М.: Гос. изд-во иностранной лит-ры. 146 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiener N. (1983). Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Moscow: Nauka. 341 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Энциклопедия кибернетики. (1975). Oтв. ред. В.М. Глушков. Киев: Гл. ред. Украинской советской энциклопедии (УСЭ). Т. 1. 608 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zavelsky M.G., Pochinschikov L.E. (1969). On the Evaluation of Production Organization and Management Activities. Economics and Mathematical Methods, vol. 5, no. 5. pp. 763–768. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Dwairi R., Daradkeh M. (2017). Self-service business intelligence adoption in business enterprises: the effects of information quality, system quality, and analysis quality.International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems, vol. 13 (3), pp. 65–85. http://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3909-4.ch050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Dwairi R., Daradkeh M. (2017). Self-service business intelligence adoption in business enterprises: the effects of information quality, system quality, and analysis quality. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 65–85. http://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3909-4.ch050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chakraborty S. (2024). Eclectic Notes on Uncertainty, Information, and Classical Dynamics. Physics.class-ph. 49 p. URL: https://arxiv.org/html/2404.13511v1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chakraborty S. (2024). Eclectic Notes on Uncertainty, Information, and Classical Dynamics. Physics.class-ph. 49 p. URL: https://arxiv.org/html/2404.13511v1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chuprov S.V. (2024). Intellectualization and Stability of the Functioning of an Industrial System: Entropy, Information, Control, Effect. II International Scientific Forum on Sustainable Development and Innovation (WFSDI 2023): Conference Proceedings, Porto, Portugal. Ekaterinburg: Institute of Digital Economics and Law LLC. Pp. 868–875.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crooks G.E. (2026). On Measures of Entropy and Information. Tech. Note 009 v0.9. 24 p. URL: https://threeplusone.com/pubs/on_information.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crooks G.E. (2026). On Measures of Entropy and Information. Tech. Note 009 v0.9. 24 p. URL: https://threeplusone.com/pubs/on_information.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Förster H. (1960). Self-organizing systems and their environments. Self-Organizing Systems. London: Pergamon Press. Pp. 31–50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Förster H. (1960). Self-organizing systems and their environments. Self-Organizing Systems. London: Pergamon Press. Pp. 31–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robinson D.W. (2008). Entropy and Uncertainty. Entropy, no. 10, pp. 493–506. http://doi.org/10.3390/e10040493</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qixin H., Yajing Z. (2024). Analyzing the Effectiveness of Corporate Management Decision King Using Information Entropy and Information Gain Ratio. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, vol. 9 (1), pp. 1–14. http://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-1107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sethna J.P. (2025). Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters and Complexity. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 494 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robinson D.W. (2008). Entropy and Uncertainty. Entropy. no. 10, pp. 493–506. http://doi.org/10.3390/e10040493</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qixin H., Yajing Z. (2024). Analyzing the Effectiveness of Corporate Management Decision King Using Information Entropy and Information Gain Ratio. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–14. http://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-1107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sethna J.P. (2025). Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters and Complexity. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 494 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiang Z., Tie L., Bing F. (2013). Entropy Model on the System Management Structure Order Degree Evaluation. Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 278–280, pp. 2191–2194. http://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.278-280.2191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiang Z., Tie L., Bing F. (2013). Entropy Model on the System Management Structure Order Degree Evaluation. Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 278–280, pp. 2191–2194. http://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.278-280.2191</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiang Z., Tie L., Bing F. (2013). Entropy Model on the System Management Structure Order Degree Evaluation. Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 278–280, pp. 2191–2194. http://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.278-280.2191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
