ecr-journalЭкономическая наука современной РоссииEconomics of Contemporary Russia1609-14422618-8996Regional Public Organization for Assistance to the Development of Institutions of the Department of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.33293/1609-1442-2025-28(2)-14-27PZIMCSecr-journal-1082Research ArticleАКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОРИИACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ECONOMICSКультура территориального планированияCulture of territorial planninghttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0667-3391ТамбовцевВиталий ЛеонидовичTambovtsevVitaly L.

доктор экономических наук, профессор

Dr. Sci. (Economic), Professor

vitalytambovtsev@gmail.comРождественскаяИрина АндреевнаRozhdestvenskayaIrina A.

доктор экономических наук, профессор

Dr. Sci. (Economic), Professor

irozhdestv@gmail.comМосковский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова, МоскваРоссияLomonosov Moscow State University, MoscowRussian FederationФинансовый университет при Правительстве РФ, МоскваРоссияFinancial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, MoscowRussian Federation2025050720252821427Copyright © Тамбовцев В.Л., Рождественская И.А., 20252025Тамбовцев В.Л., Рождественская И.А.Tambovtsev V.L., Rozhdestvenskaya I.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1082

Экономическая деятельность осуществляется преимущественно на различных территориях, в силу чего характер их организованности и обустроенности определенным образом влияет на результативность и эффективность их экономики. Планирование развития территорий и расположенных на них организаций инфраструктурных отраслей и жизнедеятельности населения является тем управленческим инструментом, который может повысить положительное влияние организованности территорий на экономические процессы. Задача статьи – ​проанализировать категории культуры территориального планирования как фактора, воздействующего на процессы его функционирования, способного влиять на содержание планов развития территорий. Существующее понимание культуры планирования часто критикуется на неясность и неоперациональность, что мешает использовать ее для повышения качества вырабатываемых планов. Проведенный нами анализ показывает, что новое понимание культуры планирования фактически включает также и концепцию идеологии планирования, что и делает ее объектом критики. Предлагается более четкое определение понятия «культура планирования», позволяющее проводить его конкретный эмпирический анализ и строить сетевые модели, повышая потенциал культуры планирования как фактора совершенствования процессов территориального развития.

Economic activity is carried out mainly in various territories, due to which the nature of their organization and development has a certain impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of the economy. Planning the development of territories and the infrastructure sector organizations and life activities of the population located in them is a management tool that can increase the positive impact of territorial organization on economic processes. The objective of the article is to analyze the category of territorial planning culture as a factor influencing the processes of its functioning, capable of influencing the content of the developed territorial development plans. The existing understanding of planning culture is often criticized for its vagueness and inoperability, which prevents it from being used to improve the quality of plans produced. The analysis carried out shows that this understanding actually also includes the concept of planning ideology, which makes it an object of criticism. A clearer definition of planning culture is proposed, which allows for its specific empirical analysis and the construction of network models, increasing the potential of planning culture as a factor in improving territorial planning processes.

территориальное планированиекультураидеологиярутиныterritorial planningcultureideologyroutinesReferencesАлферова Г.В. (1989). Русские города XVI–XVII веков. М.: Стройиздат.Alferova G.V. (1989). Russian Towns of the 16–17th centuries. Moscow: Strojizdat) (in Russ.)Быстрова Т.Ю., Мазаев Г.В. (2024). Устойчивость исходных элементов планировок в ходе преобразования российских городов в регулярные формы // Академический вестник УралНИИПроект РААСН. № 3. С. 9–14.Bystrova T. Yu., Mazaev G.V. (2024). Stability of initial plan elements during the transformation of Russian cities into regular forms. Akademicheskij Vestnik UralNIIProekt RAASN, no. 3, pp. 9–14 (in Russ.)Волчков Б.А. (1970). Автоматизированная система плановых расчетов. М.: Экономика.Volchkov B.A. (1970). Automated Planning System: some points of creation and implementation. Moscow: Ekonomika (in Russ.)Мазаев Г.В. (2023). Компактные города в истории градостроительства // Академический вестник УралНИИПроект РААСН. № 1. С. 9–15.Mazaev G.V. (2023). Compact cities in the history of urban planning. Akademicheskij Vestnik UralNIIProekt RAASN, no. 1, pp. 9–15 (in Russ.)Майминас Е.З. (1967). Процессы планирования в экономике: информационный аспект. Вильнюс: Минтис.Mayminas E.Z. (1967). Planning processes in the economy: information aspect. Vilnius: Minthis pbl. (in Russ.)Тамбовцев В.Л. (2017). Планирование и оппортунизм // Вопросы экономики. № 1. С. 22–39.Tambovtsev V. (2017). Planning and opportunism. Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1, pp. 22–39 (in Russ.)Тамбовцев В.Л., Рождественская И.А. (2016). Программно-целевое планирование: вчера, сегодня… Завтра? // Вопросы экономики. № 6. С. 76–90.Tambovtsev V., Rozhdestvenskaya I. (2016). Program-­target planning: Yesterday, today… tomorrow? Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 6, pp. 76–90 (in Russ.)Тамбовцев В.Л., Рождественская И.А. (2018). Институциональная теория планирования как общая теория планирования: состояние и возможное развитие // Terra Economicus. T. 16. № 2. С. 27–45.Tambovtsev V., Rozhdestvenskaya I. (2018). Institutional planning theory as a general planning theory: state of the art and further development. Terra Economicus, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 27–45 (in Russ.)Тамбовцев В.Л., Рождественская И.А. (2020). Теория стратегического планирования: институциональный подход // Terra Economicus. Т. 18. № 2. С. 22–48. DOI: 10.18522/2073-66062020-18-2-22-48Tambovtsev V.L., Rozhdestvenskaya I.A. (2020). Strategic planning theory: An institutional perspective. Terra Economicus, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 22–48 (in Russ.) DOI: 10.18522/2073-66062020-18-2-22-48Тамбовцев В.Л., Рождественская И.А. (2024). Механизмы реализации территориальных стратегий в институциональной теории стратегического планирования // Terra Economicus. T. 22. № 1. С. 20–34. DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2024-22-1-20-34Tambovtsev V.L., Rozhdestvenskaya I.A. (2024). Implementing territorial development strategies within institutional approach to strategic planning. Terra Economicus, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 20–34 (in Russ.) DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2024-22-1-20-34Чернозуб О.Л. (2022). Теория (не)запланированного поведения? Как наши прогнозы поведения страдают от «незапланированных» действий? // Российское социологическое обозрение. Т. 21. № 4. С. 82–105.Chernozub O. (2022). Theory of (Un)Planned Behavior? How our behavioral predictions suffer from “unplanned” actions. Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie. Russian Sociological Review, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 82–105 (in Russ.)Ajzen I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, no. 50, pp. 179–211.Ajzen I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, no. 50, pp. 179–211.Alexander E.R. (1992). A transaction cost theory of planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 190–200.Alexander E.R. (1992). A transaction cost theory of planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 190–200.Bathla N. (2025). Authoritarian urbanism beyond the city: Infrastructure-led extended urbanisation and India’s more-than-neoliberal configurations. Urban Studies (in press). DOI: 10.1177/00420980241309737.Bathla N. (2025). Authoritarian urbanism beyond the city: Infrastructure-led extended urbanisation and India’s more-than-neoliberal configurations. Urban Studies (in press). DOI: 10.1177/00420980241309737Bolan R.S. (1969). Community decision behavior: The culture of planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 301–310.Bolan R.S. (1969). Community decision behavior: The culture of planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 301–310.Boon S.D., Yoshimura S.M. (2020). Revenge as social interaction: Merging social psychological and interpersonal communication approaches to the study of vengeful behavior. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, vol. 14, no. 9, art. e12554.Boon S.D., Yoshimura S.M. (2020). Revenge as social interaction: Merging social psychological and interpersonal communication approaches to the study of vengeful behavior. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, vol. 14, no. 9, art. e12554.Castagnoli F. (1967). Orthogonal Town Planning in Antiquity. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press.Castagnoli F. (1967). Orthogonal Town Planning in Antiquity. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press.Dugger W.M. (1987). An Institutionalist Theory of Economic Planning. Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1649–1675.Dugger W.M. (1987). An Institutionalist Theory of Economic Planning. Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1649–1675.Durham W.H. (1976). The Adaptive Significance of Cultural Behavior. Human Ecology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 89–121.Durham W.H. (1976). The Adaptive Significance of Cultural Behavior. Human Ecology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 89–121.Elster J. (1990). Norms of Revenge. Ethics, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 862–885.Elster J. (1990). Norms of Revenge. Ethics, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 862–885.Ernste H. (2012). Framing cultures of spatial planning. Planning Practice & Research, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 87–101.Ernste H. (2012). Framing cultures of spatial planning. Planning Practice & Research, vol. 27, no. 1,Fagence M. (1983). Ideological fundamentalism in town planning – an exploratory appraisal. The Environmentalist, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 17–27.pp. 87–101.Fainstein S., Novy J. (2025). Right-wing populism and urban planning. Journal of Urban Affairs, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 775–798.Fagence M. (1983). Ideological fundamentalism in town planning – ​an exploratory appraisal. The Environmentalist, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 17–27.Faludi A. (1973). What is Planning Theory? In: Faludi A. (Ed.) A Reader in Planning Theory. Oxford (UK): Pergamon Press, pp. 1–10.Fainstein S., Novy J. (2025). Right-wing populism and urban planning. Journal of Urban Affairs, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 775–798.Fearn G., Davoudi S. (2022). From post-political to authoritarian planning in England, a crisis of legitimacy. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, no. 47, pp. 347–362.Faludi A. (1973). What is Planning Theory? In: Faludi A. (Ed.) A Reader in Planning Theory. Oxford (UK): Pergamon Press, pp. 1–10.Foley D.L. (1960). British Town Planning: One Ideology or Three? British Journal of Sociology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 211–231.Fearn G., Davoudi S. (2022). From post-political to authoritarian planning in England, a crisis of legitimacy. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, no. 47, pp. 347–362.Freeman L., Stewart H. (2021). Toward a Harm-Based Account of Microaggressions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1008–1023.Foley D.L. (1960). British Town Planning: One Ideology or Three? British Journal of Sociology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 211–231.Friedmann J. (1967). A Conceptual Model for the Analysis of Planning Behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 225–252.Freeman L., Stewart H. (2021). Toward a Harm-­Based Account of Microaggressions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1008–1023.Friedmann J. (2005). Globalization and the emerging culture of planning. Progress in Planning, no. 64 (2005), pp. 183–234.Friedmann J. (1967). A Conceptual Model for the Analysis of Planning Behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 225–252.Fürst D. (2009). Planning cultures en route to a better understanding of the planning process? J. Knieling, F. Othengrafen (Eds.) Planning Cultures in Europe. Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning. Aldershot (UK): Ashgate, pp. 23–38.Friedmann J. (2005). Globalization and the emerging culture of planning. Progress in Planning, no. 64 (2005), pp. 183–234.Getimis P. (2012). Comparing spatial planning systems and planning cultures in Europe. The need for a multi-scalar approach. Planning Practice and Research, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 25–40. DOI: 10.1080/02697459.2012.659520Fürst D. (2009). Planning cultures en route to a better understanding of the planning process? In: J. Knieling, F. Othengrafen (Eds.) Planning Cultures in Europe. Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning. Aldershot (UK): Ashgate, pp. 23–38.Greenwald A.G., Lai C.K. (2020). Implicit Social Cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, no. 71, pp. 419–45.Getimis P. (2012). Comparing spatial planning systems and planning cultures in Europe. The need for a multi-­scalar approach. Planning Practice and Research, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 25–40. DOI: 10.1080/02697459.2012.659520Gunder M. (2010). Planning as the ideology of (neoliberal) space. Planning Theory, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 298–314.Greenwald A.G., Lai C.K. (2020). Implicit Social Cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, no. 71, pp. 419–45.Hall S. (1996). The problem of ideology: Marxism without guarantees. Morley D., Chen K.-H. (Eds.) Stuart Hall. Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. London: Routledge, pp. 25–46.Gunder M. (2010). Planning as the ideology of (neoliberal) space. Planning Theory, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 298–314.Hamilton M.B. (1987). The Elements of the Concept of Ideology. Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 18–38.Hall S. (1996). The problem of ideology: Marxism without guarantees. In: Morley D., Chen K.-H. (Eds.) Stuart Hall. Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. London: Routledge, pp. 25–46.Harvey D. (1978). On planning the ideology of planning. In: Burchell R., Sternlieb G. (Eds.) Planning Theory in the 1980s. New Brunswick: Center for Urban Policy Research, рр. 213–233.Hamilton M.B. (1987). The Elements of the Concept of Ideology. Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 18–38.Healey P. (2018). Developing a “sociological institutionalist” approach to analysing institutional change in place governance. Salet W.G.S. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Institutions and Planning in Action. New York: Routledge, pp. 24–42.Harvey D. (1978). On planning the ideology of planning. In: Burchell R., Sternlieb G. (Eds.) Planning Theory in the 1980s. New Brunswick: Center for Urban Policy Research, рр. 213–233.Hütter M., Rothermund K. (2020) Automatic processes in evaluative learning. Cognition and Emotion, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1–20. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1709315.Healey P. (2018). Developing a “sociological institutionalist” approach to analysing institutional change in place governance. In: Salet W.G.S. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Institutions and Planning in Action. New York: Routledge, pp. 24–42.Inch A., Shepherd E. (2019). Thinking conjuncturally about ideology, housing and English planning. Planning Theory, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 59–79.Hütter M., Rothermund K. (2020) Automatic processes in evaluative learning. Cognition and Emotion, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1–20. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1709315Innes J.E., Booher D.E. (2004). Reframing public participation: strategies for the 21st century. Planning Theory & Practice, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 419–436.Inch A., Shepherd E. (2019). Thinking conjuncturally about ideology, housing and English planning. Planning Theory, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 59–79.Keller D.A., Koch M., Selle K. (1996). ‘Either/or’ and ‘and’: first impressions of a journey into the planning cultures of four countries. Planning Perspectives, no. 11, pp. 41–54.Innes J.E., Booher D.E. (2004). Reframing public participation: strategies for the 21st century. Planning Theory & Practice, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 419–436.Kim A.M. (2011). Unimaginable Change: Future Directions in Planning Practice and Research About Institutional Reform. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 328–337.Keller D.A., Koch M., Selle K. (1996). ‘Either/or’ and ‘and’: first impressions of a journey into the planning cultures of four countries. Planning Perspectives, no. 11, pp. 41–54.Knieling J., Othengrafen F. (2009). En route to a theoretical model for comparative research on planning cultures. J. Knieling, F. Othengrafen (Eds.). Planning Cultures in Europe. Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning. Aldershot (UK): Ashgate, pp. 39–64.Kim A.M. (2011). Unimaginable Change: Future Directions in Planning Practice and Research About Institutional Reform. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 328–337.Kuczaj S.A. II, Xitco M.J. Jr., Gory J.D. (2010). Can Dolphins Plan their Behavior? International Journal of Comparative Psychology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 664–670. DOI: 10.46867/IJCP.2010.23.04.09.Knieling J., Othengrafen F. (2009). En route to a theoretical model for comparative research on planning cultures. In: J. Knieling, F. Othengrafen (Eds.). Planning Cultures in Europe. Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning. Aldershot (UK): Ashgate, pp. 39–64.Kutlay M., Öniş Z. (2024). Governance crises and resilience of authoritarian populism: 2023 Turkish elections from the perspective of Hirschman’s ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 383–403. DOI: 10.1080/14683857.2024.2315652.Kuczaj S.A. II, Xitco M.J. Jr., Gory J.D. (2010). Can Dolphins Plan their Behavior? International Journal of Comparative Psychology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 664–670. DOI: 10.46867/IJCP.2010.23.04.09Lai L.W. (2005). Neo-Institutional Economics and Planning Theory. Planning Theory, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 7–19.Kutlay M., Öniş Z. (2024). Governance crises and resilience of authoritarian populism: 2023 Turkish elections from the perspective of Hirschman’s ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 383–403. DOI: 10.1080/14683857.2024.2315652Li K., Dethier P., Eika A. et al. (2020). Measuring and comparing planning cultures: risk, trust and co-operative attitudes in experimental games. European Planning Studies, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1118–1138.Lai L.W. (2005). Neo-­Institutional Economics and Planning Theory. Planning Theory, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 7–19.Mandelbaum S.J. (1985). The institutional focus of planning theory. Journal of Planning Education and Research, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 3–9.Li K., Dethier P., Eika A. et al. (2020). Measuring and comparing planning cultures: risk, trust and co-operative attitudes in experimental games. European Planning Studies, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1118–1138.Metzger J., Allmendinger P., Kornberger M. (2021). Ideology in practice: The career of sustainability as an ideological concept in strategic urban planning. International Planning Studies, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 302–320.Mandelbaum S.J. (1985). The institutional focus of planning theory. Journal of Planning Education and Research, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 3–9.Moulaert F. (2005). Institutional Economics and Planning Theory: A Partnership between Ostriches? Planning Theory, vol. 4, no.1, pp. 21–32.Metzger J., Allmendinger P., Kornberger M. (2021). Ideology in practice: The career of sustainability as an ideological concept in strategic urban planning. International Planning Studies, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 302–320.Muller J. (1987). Procedural planning theory: The synthetic necessity. Town and Regional Planning, no. 23, pp. 8–17. DOI: 10.38140/trp.v23i0.3105Moulaert F. (2005). Institutional Economics and Planning Theory: A Partnership between Ostriches? Planning Theory, vol. 4, no.1, pp. 21–32.Murphy E., Fox-Rogers L. (2015). Perceptions of the common good in planning. Cities, vol. 42, part B, pp. 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.07.008Muller J. (1987). Procedural planning theory: The synthetic necessity. Town and Regional Planning, no. 23, pp. 8–17. DOI: 10.38140/trp.v23i0.3105Murray J.A. (1970). A Sociometric Approach to Organizational Analysis. California Management Review, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 59–67.Murphy E., Fox-­Rogers L. (2015). Perceptions of the common good in planning. Cities, vol. 42, part B, pp. 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.07.008Othengrafen F. (2014). The concept of planning culture: Analysing how planners construct practical judgements in a culturised context. International Journal of E-Planning Research (IJEPR), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1–17. DOI: 10.4018/ijepr.2014040101Murray J.A. (1970). A Sociometric Approach to Organizational Analysis. California Management Review, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 59–67.Othengrafen F., Reimer M. (2018). Planungskultur. ARL – Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (Hrsg.): Handwörterbuch der Stadt- und Raumentwicklung. Hannover, s. 1733–1739.Othengrafen F. (2014). The concept of planning culture: Analysing how planners construct practical judgements in a culturised context. International Journal of E-Planning Research (IJEPR), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1–17. DOI: 10.4018/ijepr.2014040101Pallagst K., Fleschurz R., Uemura T. (2021). Comparing Planning Cultures in Shrinking Cities Across the USA, Germany, and Japan: Perspectives from Urban Planning on the Refiguration of Spaces and Cross-Cultural Comparison. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, vol. 22, no. 3, Art. 17.Othengrafen F., Reimer M. (2018). Planungskultur. In: ARL – ​Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (Hrsg.): Handwörterbuch der Stadt- und Raumentwicklung. Hannover, s. 1733–1739.Pallagst K., Fleschurz R., Nothof S. et al. (2021). Shrinking cities: implications for planning cultures? Urban Studies, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 164–181.Pallagst K., Fleschurz R., Uemura T. (2021). Comparing Planning Cultures in Shrinking Cities Across the USA, Germany, and Japan: Perspectives from Urban Planning on the Refiguration of Spaces and Cross-­Cultural Comparison. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, vol. 22, no. 3, Art. 17.Perić A. (2024). Urban Planning Across Europe: Insights into Planning Cultures of Switzerland, Greece, and Serbia. Global Journal of Cultural Studies, no. 3, pp. 102–115.Pallagst K., Fleschurz R., Nothof S. et al. (2021). Shrinking cities: implications for planning cultures? Urban Studies, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 164–181.Pettigrew A.M. (1979). On Studying Organizational Cultures. Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 570–581.Perić A. (2024). Urban Planning Across Europe: Insights into Planning Cultures of Switzerland, Greece, and Serbia. Global Journal of Cultural Studies, no. 3, pp. 102–115.Purkarthofer E., Humer A., Mattila H. (2021). Subnational and Dynamic Conceptualisations of Planning Culture: The Culture of Regional Planning and Regional Planning Cultures in Finland. Planning Theory & Practice, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 244–265.Pettigrew A.M. (1979). On Studying Organizational Cultures. Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4,Purkarthofer E., Stead D. (2023). Agency and Structure in Urban and Regional Planning: An Illustrative Overview and Future Research Agenda. Journal of Planning Literature, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 571–587.pp. 570–581.Ranganath K.A., Nosek B.A. (2008). Implicit Attitude Generalization Occurs Immediately, Explicit Attitude Generalization Takes Time. Psychological Science, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 249–254.Purkarthofer E., Humer A., Mattila H. (2021). Subnational and Dynamic Conceptualisations of Planning Culture: The Culture of Regional Planning and Regional Planning Cultures in Finland. Planning Theory & Practice, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 244–265.Rasmussen T.F. (1973). The Introduction of a New Planning Ideology. Ambio, vol. 2, no. 1/2, pp. 31–33.Purkarthofer E., Stead D. (2023). Agency and Structure in Urban and Regional Planning: An Illustrative Overview and Future Research Agenda. Journal of Planning Literature, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 571–587.Reimer M., Blotevogel H.H. (2012). Comparing spatial planning practice in Europe: A plea for cultural sensitization. Planning Practice and Research, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 7–24. DOI: 10.1080/02697459.2012.659517Ranganath K.A., Nosek B.A. (2008). Implicit Attitude Generalization Occurs Immediately, Explicit Attitude Generalization Takes Time. Psychological Science, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 249–254.Reimer M. (2016). Planning culture – taking stock. DisP – the Planning Review, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 18–29.Rasmussen T.F. (1973). The Introduction of a New Planning Ideology. Ambio, vol. 2, no. 1/2, pp. 31–33.Reyes-García V., Guèze M., Díaz-Reviriego I. et al. (2016). The Adaptive Nature of Culture. Current Anthropology, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 761–784.Reimer M., Blotevogel H.H. (2012). Comparing spatial planning practice in Europe: A plea for cultural sensitization. Planning Practice and Research, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 7–24. DOI: 10.1080/02697459.2012.659517Roucek J.S. (1944). A History of the Concept of Ideology. Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 479–488.Reimer M. (2016). Planning culture – ​taking stock. DisP – ​the Planning Review, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 18–29.Sager T. (2014). Ideological traces in plans for compact cities: Is neo-liberalism hegemonic? Planning Theory, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 268–295.Reyes-­García V., Guèze M., Díaz-­Reviriego I. et al. (2016). The Adaptive Nature of Culture. Current Anthropology, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 761–784.Sager T. (2019). Populists and planners: ‘We are the people. Who are you?’. Planning Theory, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 80–103.Roucek J.S. (1944). A History of the Concept of Ideology. Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 5, no. 4,Sanyal B. (2005). Preface. In: Sanyal, B. (Ed.) Comparative Planning Cultures. New York: Routledge, pp. xix–xxiv.pp. 479–488.Schein E. (1985). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Sager T. (2014). Ideological traces in plans for compact cities: Is neo-liberalism hegemonic? Planning Theory, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 268–295.Schmid H. (1981). On the Origin of Ideology. Acta Sociologica, vol. 24, no. 1/2, pp. 57–73.Sager T. (2019). Populists and planners: ‘We are the people. Who are you?’. Planning Theory, vol. 19, no. 1,Shepherd E., Inch A., Marshall T. (2020). Narratives of power: Bringing ideology to the fore of planning analysis. Planning Theory, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 3–16.pp. 80–103.Sorensen A. (2017). New Institutionalism and Planning Theory. In: Gunder M., Madanipour A., Watson V. (Eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Planning Theory. New York: Routledge, рр. 250–263.Sanyal B. (2005). Preface. In: Sanyal, B. (Ed.) Comparative Planning Cultures. New York: Routledge,Staletović B. (2024). Captured City: Authoritarianism, Urban Space and Project Skopje 2014. Nationalities Papers, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 360–379.pp. xix–xxiv.Stogdill R.M. (1949). The Sociometry of Working Relationships in Formal Organizations. Sociometry, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 276–286.Schein E. (1985). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Taylor Z. (2013). Rethinking planning culture: A new institutionalist approach. Town Planning Review, vol. 84, no. 6, pp. 683–702.Schmid H. (1981). On the Origin of Ideology. Acta Sociologica, vol. 24, no. 1/2, pp. 57–73.Thomas M.J. (1979). The procedural planning theory of A. Faludi. Planning Outlook, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 72–76.Shepherd E., Inch A., Marshall T. (2020). Narratives of power: Bringing ideology to the fore of planning analysis. Planning Theory, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 3–16.Troub R.M. (1982). A General Theory of Planning: The Evolution of Planning and the Planning of Evolution. Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 381–390.Sorensen A. (2017). New Institutionalism and Planning Theory. In: Gunder M., Madanipour A., Watson V. (Eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Planning Theory. New York: Routledge, рр. 250–263.Turk-Browne N.B., Junge J.A., Scholl B.J. (2005). The Automaticity of Visual Statistical Learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 134, no. 4, pp. 552–564.Staletović B. (2024). Captured City: Authoritarianism, Urban Space and Project Skopje 2014. Nationalities Papers, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 360–379.Verma N. (Ed.) (2007). Institutions and Planning. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Stogdill R.M. (1949). The Sociometry of Working Relationships in Formal Organizations. Sociometry, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 276–286.Verplanken B., Aarts H., van Knippenberg A. et al.(1998). Habit versus planned behaviour: a field experiment. British Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 111–128. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01160.xTaylor Z. (2013). Rethinking planning culture: A new institutionalist approach. Town Planning Review, vol. 84, no. 6, pp. 683–702.Wolff A. (2020). Planning culture – dynamics of power relations between actors. European Planning Studies, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 2213–2236. DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2020.1714553Thomas M.J. (1979). The procedural planning theory of A. Faludi. Planning Outlook, vol. 22, no. 2,Zanotto J.M. (2020). The role of discourses in enacting neoliberal urbanism: Understanding the relationship between ideology and discourse in planning. Planning Theory, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 104–126.pp. 72–76.Troub R.M. (1982). A General Theory of Planning: The Evolution of Planning and the Planning of Evolution. Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 381–390.Troub R.M. (1982). A General Theory of Planning: The Evolution of Planning and the Planning of Evolution. Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 381–390.Turk-­Browne N.B., Junge J.A., Scholl B.J. (2005). The Automaticity of Visual Statistical Learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 134, no. 4,Turk-­Browne N.B., Junge J.A., Scholl B.J. (2005). The Automaticity of Visual Statistical Learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 134, no. 4,pp. 552–564.pp. 552–564.Verma N. (Ed.) (2007). Institutions and Planning. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Verma N. (Ed.) (2007). Institutions and Planning. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Verplanken B., Aarts H., van Knippenberg A. et al. (1998). Habit versus planned behaviour: a field experiment. British Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 111–128. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.Verplanken B., Aarts H., van Knippenberg A. et al. (1998). Habit versus planned behaviour: a field experiment. British Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 111–128. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01160.xtb01160.xWolff A. (2020). Planning culture – ​dynamics of power relations between actors. European Planning Studies, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 2213–2236. DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2020.1714553Wolff A. (2020). Planning culture – ​dynamics of power relations between actors. European Planning Studies, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 2213–2236. DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2020.1714553Zanotto J.M. (2020). The role of discourses in enacting neoliberal urbanism: Understanding the relationship between ideology and discourse in planning. Planning Theory, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 104–126.Zanotto J.M. (2020). The role of discourses in enacting neoliberal urbanism: Understanding the relationship between ideology and discourse in planning. Planning Theory, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 104–126.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.