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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecr-journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая наука современной России</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics of Contemporary Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1609-1442</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8996</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Regional Public Organization for Assistance to the Development of Institutions of the Department of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33293/1609-1442-2025-28(2)-5-13</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">CCYBBS</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecr-journal-1079</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОРИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Промышленные революции и эволюция экономических  санкций</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Industrial revolutions and the evolution of economic sanctions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-0425</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гурков</surname><given-names>Игорь Борисович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gurkov</surname><given-names>Igor B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор экономических наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Economic), Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gurkov@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9781-7962</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филинов</surname><given-names>Николай Борисович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filinov</surname><given-names>Nikolay B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат экономических наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Economic)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nfilinov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8721-9723</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саидов</surname><given-names>Зокиржон Баходурович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saidov</surname><given-names>Zokirjon B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат экономических наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Economic)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zsaidov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Высшая школа бизнеса НИУ «Высшая школа экономики», Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Higher School of Business, Higher School of Economics, Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гурков И.Б., Филинов Н.Б., Саидов З.Б., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гурков И.Б., Филинов Н.Б., Саидов З.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gurkov I.B., Filinov N.B., Saidov Z.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1079">https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1079</self-uri><abstract><p>Эти заметки направлены на исследование взаимосвязи между эволюцией экономических санкций и промышленными революциями. Используя феноменологический подход к исследованию и реалистическое понимание исторической перспективы, в работе исследуются рост числа санкций, вводимых суверенными государствами друг против друга, и усложнение их характера по мере сменяющих одна другую промышленных революций. В данной работе мы определяем экономические санкции как коммерческие и/или финансовые санкции, применяемые государствами или организациями против иных государств, а также государственных или частных организаций, групп граждан или отдельных лиц в иных странах. Наше главное предположение заключается в том, что изменения числа и характера санкций связаны с промышленными революциями – ​радикальными преобразованиями в технологических системах и гражданском обществе. Мы полагаем, что эволюция роли санкций от дополнительной к военным действиям как средства давления на противника к средству замещения военных действий связана с двумя основными аспектами: 1) изменением мотивов введения санкций, в частности, c усилением акцента на конкурентоспособность наций и 2) преобразованием техники санкционирования – ​от полного торгового и финансового эмбарго времен Первой и Второй промышленных революций к таргетированным «умным санкциям», фокусирующимся на критических и чувствительных для противника элементах. Мы предполагаем, что этот тренд в сторону более сложных и таргетированных санкций усилится в ходе грядущих промышленных революций 4.0 и 5.0, при том что частота использования санкцией, с нашей точки зрения, уменьшится ввиду сокращения ситуаций в международных политических и экономических отношениях, требующих санкций.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This research aims to explore the connection between the evolution of economic sanctions and industrial revolutions. Employing a phenomenon-­based research approach and a realist historical perspective, this paper investigates the dynamics and mechanisms underpinning the increasing number and sophistication of sanctions throughout successive industrial revolutions. We define economic sanctions as commercial and/or financial penalties applied by states or organizations against foreign states, public or private organizations, groups, or individuals. Our main proposition is: the number and character of sanctions correlate with industrial revolutions – ​radical transformations in technological systems and civil society. We argue that the evolution of sanctions from supplements to substitutes for warfare is linked to two major factors: 1) the shifting motives behind sanctions, particularly the increasing emphasis on maintaining national competitiveness; 2) the transformation in sanction techniques – ​from total trade and financial embargoes during Industrial Revolutions 1.0 and 2.0 to targeted “smart sanctions” focusing on critical and vulnerable entities during Industrial Revolution 3.0. Both factors are strongly related with the development of technological systems in developed countries, that also play the major role as sanctioning countries. We anticipate that these trends toward more sophisticated and targeted sanctions will intensify during the forthcoming Industrial Revolutions 4.0 and 5.0, even as the overall frequency of situations requiring sanctions is expected to decline.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экономические санкции</kwd><kwd>технологические революции</kwd><kwd>типология санкций</kwd><kwd>международные корпорации</kwd><kwd>социально-экономическое прогнозирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>economic sanctions</kwd><kwd>technological revolutions</kwd><kwd>typology of sanctions</kwd><kwd>multinational corporations</kwd><kwd>socio-­economic foresight</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amanat A. (2017). Iran: A modern history. Yale: Yale University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amanat A. (2017). Iran: A modern history. 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