<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecr-journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономическая наука современной России</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economics of Contemporary Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1609-1442</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8996</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Regional Public Organization for Assistance to the Development of Institutions of the Department of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33293/1609-1442-2024-3(106)-78-92</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">UMWAOR</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ecr-journal-1015</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ЭКОНОМИКЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Цифровая колонизация – новое явление мировой экономики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Digital Colonization –  a New Phenomenon of the World Economy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5421-2522</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бучинская</surname><given-names>Ольга Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Buchinskaia</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат экономических наук, старший научный сотрудник Сектора территориальной конкуренции Центра экономической теории</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gto2000@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт экономики УрО РАН, Екатеринбург</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Economics, Ural Branch RAS, Ekaterinburg</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>78</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бучинская О.Н., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бучинская О.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Buchinskaia O.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1015">https://www.ecr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1015</self-uri><abstract><p>Развитие цифровых технологий не только позволило сделать человечеству значительный скачок вперед в плане технического развития, но также и вернуло к действительности проблему колонизации уже на новом, цифровом, этапе. Цель данного исследования – определить, каким образом проявляется цифровая колонизация в современном мире. Для этого были решены следующие задачи: проведен анализ публикаций, показывающих становление цифровой колонизации, установлены основные субъекты цифровой колонизации и инструменты воздействия данных субъектов на страны и их население. Результатами данной работы является выявление трех субъектов, осуществляющих цифровую колонизацию: государства, цифрове компании, владеющие социальными сетями и поисковыми системами, а также крупные промышленные компании, производящие высокотехнологичную продукцию; а также выделение двух направлений осуществления цифровой колонизации. Первое направление подразумевает вывоз ресурсов, который включает как присвоение персональных данных пользователей цифровой продукции, так и вывоз рабочей силы, который может осуществляться не только явно, но и скрытым способом посредством телемиграции. Второе направление иллюстрирует методы воздействия на страны и население, включая использование как средств массовой информации и средств поиска, так и санкционного давления, в том числе прекращение доступа к использованию товаров и услуг зарубежных компаний. Предложен ряд шагов, которые позволят странам, в том числе России, не только повысить свой технологический суверенитет и снизить влияние цифровой колонизации, но также укрепить связи с дружественными развивающимися странами и понизить возможность осуществления цифровой колонизации в мире.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The development of digital technologies has not only allowed humanity to make a significant leap forward in terms of technical development, but also brought back to reality the problem of colonization already at a new digital stage. The purpose of this study was to determine how digital colonization manifests itself in the modern world. To do this, the following tasks were solved: an analysis of publications showing the formation of digital colonization was conducted; the main subjects of digital colonization and tools for influencing countries and their populations were identified. The results are the identification of three entities engaged in digital colonization: states, digital companies owning social networks and search engines, as well as large industrial companies producing high-tech products; the identification of two areas of digital colonization. The first direction implies the export of resources, which includes both the appropriation of personal data of users of digital products, and the export of labor, which can be performed not only explicitly but also in a hidden way through telemigration. The second direction illustrates methods of influencing countries and populations, including the use of both mass media and search tools, as well as sanctions pressure, including the termination of access to the use of goods and services of foreign companies. A number of steps have been proposed that will allow countries, including Russia, not only to increase their technological sovereignty and reduce the impact of digital colonization, but also to strengthen ties with friendly developing countries and reduce the possibility of digital colonization in the world.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цифровая колонизация</kwd><kwd>цифровое неравенство</kwd><kwd>санкционное давление</kwd><kwd>технологический суверенитет</kwd><kwd>инструменты влияния</kwd><kwd>межстрановая конкуренция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>digital colonization</kwd><kwd>digital inequality</kwd><kwd>sanctions pressure</kwd><kwd>technological sovereignty</kwd><kwd>instruments of influence</kwd><kwd>cross-country competition</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айрапетян Д.А., Черкасова Т.П. (2021). Цифровой разрыв современного социума в международно-политическом измерении // Инновации. Наука. Образование. № 47. С. 279–289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayrapetyan D.A., Cherkasova T.P. (2021). The digital divide of modern society in the international political dimension. Innovations. Science. Education, no. 47, pp. 279–289 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акимов А.В. (2021). Новая система производительных сил и развивающиеся страны: возможности и риски // Восток. Афро-азиатские общества: история и современность. № 3. С. 144–157. DOI: 10.31857/S086919080014871-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akimov A.V. (2021). The new system of productive forces and developing countries: opportunities and risks. East. Afro-Asian Societies: History and Modernity, no. 3, pp. 144–157 (in Russian). DOI: 10.31857/S086919080014871-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афанасьев А.А. (2023). Технологический суверенитет: варианты подходов к рассмотрению проблемы // Вопросы инновационной экономики. № 13 (2). С. 689–706. DOI: 10.18334/vinec.13.2.117375</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afanasyev A.A. (2023). Technological sovereignty: options for approaches to the consideration of the problem. Russian Journal of Innovation Economics, no. 13 (2), pp. 689–706 (in Russian). DOI: 10.18334/vinec.13.2.117375</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Безруков А., Мамонов М., Сучков М., Сушенцов А. (2021). Международная конкуренция и лидерство в цифровой среде. М.: Фонд развития и поддержки Международного дискуссионного клуба «Валдай». 28 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bezrukov A., Mamonov M., Suchkov M., Sushentsov A. (2021). International competition and leadership in the digital environment. Moscow: Foundation for the Development and Support of the Valdai International Discussion Club. 28 р. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бузгалин А.В. (2008) Альтерглобализм: в поисках позитивной альтернативы новой империи // Век глобализации. № 1. С. 120–127</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buzgalin A.V. (2008) Alterglobalism: in search of a positive alternative to the new Empire. The Age of Globalization, no. 1, pp. 120–127 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данилин И.В. (2020). Влияние цифровых технологий на лидерство в глобальных процессах: от платформ к рынкам? // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. № 13 (1). С. 100–116. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2020-1-70-100-116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilin I.V. (2020). The impact of digital technologies on leadership in global processes: from platforms to markets? MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 13 (1), pp. 100–116 (in Russian). DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2020-1-70-100-116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дементьев В.Е. (2023). Технологический суверенитет и приоритеты локализации производства // Terra Economicus. № 21 (1). С. 6–18. DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-6-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dementiev V.E. (2023). Technological sovereignty and priorities of localization of production. Terra Economicus, no. 21 (1), рр. 6–18 (in Russian). DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-6-18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клепач А.Н., Водоватов Л.Б., Дмитриева Е.А. (2023). Российская наука и технологии: взлет, или прогрессирующее отставание (Часть II) // Проблемы прогнозирования. № 1 (196). С. 6–15. DOI: 10.47711/0868-6351-196-6-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klepach A.N., Vodovatov L.B., Dmitrieva E.A. (2023). Russian science and technology: takeoff, or progressive lag (Part II). Studies on Russian Economic Development, no. 1 (196), рр. 6–15 (in Russian). DOI: 10.47711/0868-6351-196-6-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ленчук Е.Б. (2023). Технологическая модернизация как основа антисанкционной политики // Проблемы прогнозирования. № 4. С. 54–66. DOI: 10.47711/0868-6351-199-54-66</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lenchuk E.B. (2023). Technological modernization as the basis of anti-sanctions policy. Studies on Russian Economic Development, no. 4, pp. 54–66 (in Russian). DOI: 10.47711/0868-6351-199-54-66</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нечаев В.Д., Белоконев С.Ю. (2020). Цифровая экономика и тенденции политического развития современных обществ // Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. № 13 (2), С. 112–133. DOI: 10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-2-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nechaev V.D., Belokonev S.Yu. (2020). Digital economy and trends in the political development of modern societies. Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law, no. 13 (2), pp. 112–133 (in Russian). DOI: 10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-2-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сироткина А.И. (2021). Перспективы капитализма: ускорение неизбежного // Феномен рыночного хозяйства: от истоков до наших дней. Синтез цифровых технологий и инновационных решений. Майкоп: ООО «Электронные издательские технологии». С. 363–371.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sirotkina A.I. (2021). Prospects of capitalism: acceleration of the inevitable. The phenomenon of market economy: from the origins to the present day. Synthesis of digital technologies and innovative solutions. Maikop: Electronic Publishing Technologies LLC. Рр. 363–371 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baldwin R. (2022). Globotics and macroeconomics: Globalisation and automation of the service sector. ECB Forum on Central Banking: Challenges for monetary policy in a rapidly changing world. Frankfurt-am-Main. Рр. 41–78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baldwin R. (2022). Globotics and macroeconomics: Globalisation and automation of the service sector. ECB Forum on Central Banking: Challenges for monetary policy in a rapidly changing world. Frankfurt-am-Main. Рр. 41–78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baldwin R. (2019) The globotics upheaval: Globalization, robotics, and the future of work. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 292 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baldwin R. (2019) The globotics upheaval: Globalization, robotics, and the future of work. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 292 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bori A.M. (2024). Data colonialism: a contemporary manifestation of old practices or an old fashioned term for a contemporary phenomenon? 創価大学大学院紀要= The Bulletin of the Graduate School, Soka University, no. 45, pp. 211–244. URL: https://soka.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000145/files/daigakuinkiyou0_45_13.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bori A.M. (2024). Data colonialism: a contemporary manifestation of old practices or an old fashioned term for a contemporary phenomenon? 創価大学大学院紀要= The Bulletin of the Graduate School, Soka University, no. 45, pp. 211–244. URL: https://soka.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000145/files/daigakuinkiyou0_45_13.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bown C.P. (2020). How the United States marched the semiconductor industry into its trade war with China. East Asian Economic Review, no. 24 (4), pp. 349–388. DOI: 10.11644/KIEP.EAER.2020.24.4.384</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bown C.P. (2020). How the United States marched the semiconductor industry into its trade war with China. East Asian Economic Review, no. 24 (4), pp. 349–388. DOI: 10.11644/KIEP.EAER.2020.24.4.384</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breen M. (2010). Digital determinism: culture industries in the USA-Australia Free Trade Agreement. New Media &amp; Society, no. 12 (4), pp. 657–676. DOI: 10.1177/1461444809342774</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breen M. (2010). Digital determinism: culture industries in the USA-Australia Free Trade Agreement. New Media &amp; Society, no. 12 (4), pp. 657–676. DOI: 10.1177/1461444809342774</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capurro R. (2000). Ethical challenges of the information society in the 21st century. The International Information &amp; Library Review, no. 32 (3–4), pp. 257–276. DOI: 10.1006/iilr.2000.0137</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capurro R. (2000). Ethical challenges of the information society in the 21st century. The International Information &amp; Library Review, no. 32 (3–4), pp. 257–276. DOI: 10.1006/iilr.2000.0137</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Couldry N., Mejias U.A. (2019). Data colonialism: Rethinking big data’s relation to the contemporary subject. Television &amp; New Media, no. 20 (4), pp. 336–349. DOI: 10.1177/1527476418796632</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Couldry N., Mejias U.A. (2019). Data colonialism: Rethinking big data’s relation to the contemporary subject. Television &amp; New Media, no. 20 (4), pp. 336–349. DOI: 10.1177/1527476418796632</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He T., Ji Y. (2023). China’s Techno-Economic Statecraft Amid US-China Strategic Rivalry: AI and the “New Whole-State System”. Orbis, no. 67 (4), pp. 605–625. DOI: 10.1016/j.orbis.2023.08.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He T., Ji Y. (2023). China’s Techno-Economic Statecraft Amid US-China Strategic Rivalry: AI and the “New Whole-State System”. Orbis, no. 67 (4), pp. 605–625. DOI: 10.1016/j.orbis.2023.08.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kappel R. (2021). Africa's Employment Challenges: The Ever-widening Gaps. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung E.V. 68 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kappel R. (2021). Africa's Employment Challenges: The Ever-widening Gaps. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung E.V. 68 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kensicki A. (2019). “Smart” Colonialism and Digital Divestment: A Case Study. Journal of Palestine Studies, no. 48 (2), pp. 7–25. DOI: 10.1525/jps.2019.48.2.7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kensicki A. (2019). “Smart” Colonialism and Digital Divestment: A Case Study. Journal of Palestine Studies, no. 48 (2), pp. 7–25. DOI: 10.1525/jps.2019.48.2.7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwet M. (2019). Digital colonialism: US empire and the new imperialism in the Global South. Race &amp; Class, no. 60 (4), pp. 3–26. DOI: 10.1177/0306396818823172</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwet M. (2019). Digital colonialism: US empire and the new imperialism in the Global South. Race &amp; Class, no. 60 (4), pp. 3–26. DOI: 10.1177/0306396818823172</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwet M. (2022). The Digital Tech Deal: a socialist framework for the twenty-first century. Race &amp; Class, no. 63 (3), pp. 63–84. DOI: 10.1177/03063968211064478</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwet M. (2022). The Digital Tech Deal: a socialist framework for the twenty-first century. Race &amp; Class, no. 63 (3), pp. 63–84. DOI: 10.1177/03063968211064478</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mann M., Daly A. (2019). (Big) data and the North-in-South: Australia’s informational imperialism and digital colonialism. Television &amp; New Media, no. 20 (4), pp. 379–395. DOI: 10.1177/1527476418806091</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mann M., Daly A. (2019). (Big) data and the North-in-South: Australia’s informational imperialism and digital colonialism. Television &amp; New Media, no. 20 (4), pp. 379–395. DOI: 10.1177/1527476418806091</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melo J.F. (2023). Intercultural Information Ethics Applied To The Data Colonialism Concept. International Conference on Computer Ethics, no. 1 (1), pp. 1–15. URL: https://soremo.library.iit.edu/index.php/CEPE2023/article/view/295</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melo J.F. (2023). Intercultural Information Ethics Applied To The Data Colonialism Concept. International Conference on Computer Ethics, no. 1 (1), pp. 1–15. URL: https://soremo.library.iit.edu/index.php/CEPE2023/article/view/295</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nkrumah K. (1965). Neo-colonialism. London: Thomas Nelson &amp; Sons, Ltd. 302 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nkrumah K. (1965). Neo-colonialism. London: Thomas Nelson &amp; Sons, Ltd. 302 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozalp H., Ozcan P., Dinckol D., Zachariadis M., Gawer A. (2022). “Digital colonization” of highly regulated industries: an analysis of big tech platforms’ entry into health care and education. California Management Review, no. 64 (4), pp. 78–107. DOI: 10.1177/00081256221094307</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozalp H., Ozcan P., Dinckol D., Zachariadis M., Gawer A. (2022). “Digital colonization” of highly regulated industries: an analysis of big tech platforms’ entry into health care and education. California Management Review, no. 64 (4), pp. 78–107. DOI: 10.1177/00081256221094307</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rho S., Lee K., Kim S.H. (2015). Limited catch-up in China’s semiconductor industry: A sectoral innovation system perspective. Millennial Asia, no. 6 (2), pp. 147–175. DOI: 10.1177/0976399615590514</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rho S., Lee K., Kim S.H. (2015). Limited catch-up in China’s semiconductor industry: A sectoral innovation system perspective. Millennial Asia, no. 6 (2), pp. 147–175. DOI: 10.1177/0976399615590514</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schiller H.I. (1975) Communication and cultural domination. International Journal of Politics, no. 5 (4), pp. 1–127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schiller H.I. (1975) Communication and cultural domination. International Journal of Politics, no. 5 (4), pp. 1–127.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Segura M.S., Waisbord S. (2019). Between data capitalism and data citizenship. Television &amp; New Media, no. 20 (4), pp. 412–419. DOI: 10.1177/1527476419834519</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Segura M.S., Waisbord S. (2019). Between data capitalism and data citizenship. Television &amp; New Media, no. 20 (4), pp. 412–419. DOI: 10.1177/1527476419834519</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thatcher J., O’Sullivan D., Mahmoudi D. (2016). Data colonialism through accumulation by dispossession: New metaphors for daily data. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, no. 34 (6), pp. 990–1006. DOI: 10.1177/0263775816633195</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thatcher J., O’Sullivan D., Mahmoudi D. (2016). Data colonialism through accumulation by dispossession: New metaphors for daily data. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, no. 34 (6), pp. 990–1006. DOI: 10.1177/0263775816633195</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson M. (2004). Discourse, “development” &amp; the “digital divide”: ICT &amp; the World Bank. Review of African political economy, no. 31 (99), pp. 103–123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson M. (2004). Discourse, “development” &amp; the “digital divide”: ICT &amp; the World Bank. Review of African political economy, no. 31 (99), pp. 103–123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Dijck J. (2013). The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press. 240 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Dijck J. (2013). The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press. 240 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wittkower D.E. (2008). Revolutionary industry and digital colonialism. Fast Capitalism, no. 4 (1), pp. 1–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wittkower D.E. (2008). Revolutionary industry and digital colonialism. Fast Capitalism, no. 4 (1), pp. 1–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young J.C. (2019). The new knowledge politics of digital colonialism. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, no. 51 (7), pp. 1424–1441. DOI: 10.1177/0308518X19858998</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young J.C. (2019). The new knowledge politics of digital colonialism. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, no. 51 (7), pp. 1424–1441. DOI: 10.1177/0308518X19858998</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young J.C. (2021). Environmental colonialism, digital indigeneity, and the politicization of resilience. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, no. 4 (2), pp. 230–251. DOI: 10.1177/2514848619898098</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young J.C. (2021). Environmental colonialism, digital indigeneity, and the politicization of resilience. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, no. 4 (2), pp. 230–251. DOI: 10.1177/2514848619898098</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
